Cause of the collapse of Heathrow rail tunnel in 1999 and what should Essay

Cause of the collapse of Heathrow rail tunnel in 1999 and what should have been done to prevent the collapse - Essay Example NATM was implementing one of the firsts in almost everything. The technology of the method involves spraying shotcrete around the surrounding of the tunnel. This process leads to the formation of the supportive crust though temporarily. It was the first time that the project was used in London clay and the method being new most of the people working in the tunnel were not familiar with some of its aspects. In addition, the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) applied the self-certification method for the first time at the London Heathrow Airport site (Muir, 2000, p. 19). This method requires that contractors be charged with the responsibility of certifying their work. This method offers no opportunities for oversight management. The case resulted in Balfour Beatty receiving a heavy fine of one point two million pounds while the same court slammed Geoconsult with a five hundred thousand pounds fine for its less capable role. The collapse The collapse occurred on the night twentieth a nd twenty-first of October in nineteen ninety-four. There were no casualties but the cost of recovery amounted to one hundred and fifty million pounds. The project stalled for six more months and disruption of the underground Jubilee Line Extension. However, there were no casualties, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) successfully filed a petition that resulted heavy fines of one million and two hundred pounds o both Balfour Beatty and Geoconsult with legal costs amounting to two hundred thousand pounds. Causes of the collapse Balfour Beatty and Geo consult implemented the New Austrian Tunnelling Method despite the method having reservations that were grave. This resulted in one of the worst civil engineering disasters in the last century bearing in mind the fact that the Heathrow accident occurred one month after the Munich disaster. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) took the initiative to warn the two contractors about being cautionary in their approach but contractors fail ed to heed the advice. Among other general failures, the case proved that there was flawed workmanship, which included serious flaws in the management of construction procedures and contract arrangements that failed to meet the standard requirements. The New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) operated as UK-NATM and had serious failures. To begin with, the method was appropriate for primary lining. This should only apply to temporary works (Feld and Carper, 1997. P. 33). The method does not put into consideration the primary lining while designing the secondary lining. The method takes these steps while it is normal that secondary lining is the second phase and its design should follow the design of the primary lining. The main cause of the problem in the process employed by NATM is that it designs both linings simultaneously. The right process requires that the design should be subsequent. This means that the design of primary lining should come before the design of the secondary li ning. The design process should be design as you go. The UK-NATM method allows little room for convergence under the buildings and works concurrently with grouting. The method does not have oversight supervisors and this denies the opportunity for monitoring the appropriateness of the design and gives information regarding compensation grouting. Construction of Heathrow using this method denied the project oversight management hence corrective measures could not

Evangelism Paper Essay Example for Free

Evangelism Paper Essay Over the last few months one has to mention an undeniable fact: the church of tomorrow must be reached different than the church of yesterday. Through readings, lectures, and field trips, it has become evident that something different must begin to take place if the church is going to be able to reach the present and future generations. We must become creative in our evangelism if we wish to reach this culture. It is essential to be up to date technologically and even socially. A pastor who falls behind in the social atmosphere around him will lose touch with his or her people. If we are to reach these people as individuals, the pastor cannot be expected to â€Å"do all the work.† â€Å"A clerical ministry will not penetrate this age, but the priesthood of all believers can† (Maddix). That is, we must teach the laity of the church to reach out spiritually and socially to their neighbors, friends, and especially each other. According to Bonhoeffer, the meaning of the statement â€Å"Christianity means community through Jesus Christ and in Jesus Christ. No Christian community is more or less than this†¦we belong to one another only through and in Jesus Christ† is threefold: â€Å"first, that a Christian needs others because of Jesus Christ†¦second, that a Christian comes to others only through Jesus Christ†¦third, that in Jesus Christ we have been chosen from eternity, accepted in time, and united for eternity† (21). The transformation of members into ministers will spark great growth within the church. In the midst of this, it is essential to remain biblical. The Scripture must always be taken seriously, never downplayed, in an effort to reach someone. We must recognize that we are a body of believers and that, according to Wesley, there is no such thing as solitary religion. Whether Christ is the first thing out of our mouth or not, we must be passionate about Christ before we will be able to reach these generations. We can become passionate by focusing on Christ and focusing on those who are not yet followers of Christ. A passion for the lost is essential in evangelism. Two of my closest friends had not been saved, and my heart felt great pain and anguish knowing that if everything ended right then, I would be without them for eternity, and more importantly, they without God. We must also focus on sin, not avoiding it so as to attract people. A seeker sensitive church will die if sin in not recognized. Evangelistic decisions are the most powerful catalyst for change and growth in a church and pastor. As such, we should know our purpose as a church and embrace it. I will focus on st pauls lutheran church. In tandem with many other churches, St. Pauls indeed has an official membership list that includes many people who have left the congregation. However, around 75 adults have attended or made a contribution to some extent to St. Pauls over the past year, along with 12 children and 3 teenagers. Pastor Nadines yearly salary is $15,500. If we are to create a church, we must begin with a strong foundation. According to Rick Warren, â€Å"If you want to build a healthy, strong, and growing church you must spend time laying a solid foundation. This done by clarifying in the minds of everyone involved exactly why the church exists and what it is supposed to do† (86). First, a clear purpose builds moral. The moral of a church will be much higher if they know why they exist. Second, a clear purpose reduces much frustration. We are helped to put aside the petty things and recognize what we are not seeking to do. A clear purpose within a church allows for concentration. The more focus a church has, the higher impact it will have on the people around it. If focus is lost, therefore, the impact of the church will be negligible. It is also vital not to flood the church calendar. The goal of the church is not to overwhelm its people, but to quench them. Tradition should never stand above excellence within the church. If an event or tradition is now failing, it should probably be removed. Chances are that new traditions could be started that could have a much great impact on both the church and the people in the neighboring areas. Programs should never be started if they do not run in line with the purpose of the church. So, just because a program may seem to be well-intentioned and may even have well affects on the church, that doesn’t mean those affects are furthering the purpose of the church. Serious setbacks could occur in this manner. When beginning new ministries within the church, the pastor or initiator of the idea must not stand alone in developing it. At this point delegations need to be made to people who are trustworthy and effective. They must know their duties or the ministry will fail. A clear purpose also attracts cooperation. We must make sure members understand the purpose of the church so they can be comfortable with what is being taught and what ministries are taking place. Someone who is out of touch with the purpose of the church may begin to feel excluded and angry that things are not going as they â€Å"should.† Some people may transfer to a church with a set purpose and have their own ideas about ways things should be done based on their past experiences. These people must not be part of the decision making processes of the church in terms of its purpose. As the rest of the congregation has already committed to the purpose, changing it now would be quite unhealthy for the church. Finally, having a clear purpose for the church makes it easier to evaluate the growth and success of the church. With clear goals having been set, it is easy to look and see what has and has not been accomplished (Maddix,). Once these purposes are established, it is important to organize around them. In doing so, there are five basic purpose-driven church types as outlined in lecture. First is the Soul Winning Church. The pastor is the evangelist and the primary goal is reaching the lost. Second is the Experiencing God Church. This church focuses on experiencing the presence and power of God in worship. The third type is the Family Reunion Church. The primary focus here is fellowship. The pastor is usually very relational, loving and spending time with his people. The next type is the Classroom Church. Here the pastor is primarily a teacher. The sermons will almost always include taking notes. I would place most of the Nazarene churches I have attended in this category primarily. The final type is the Social Conscience Church. The pastor is seen as a prophet or reformer. The church is primarily concerned with changing society- â€Å"doers of the Word.† With all of these available, it becomes essential to produce a good balance. These purposes must still be applied further. We should work to constantly be working to assimilate newcomers if we wish to keep them as a part of the church. To do this the church must be prepared for newcomers with its Greeter/Usher ministry as well as its care ministries team. A follow-up on newcomers almost always lets them know that they were noticed and are cared about. At least a few contacts should be made in the first week whether from the pastor directly or from care team members. The programs within the church must be relevant to the purpose of the church, as stated before. Programs should be servants to the purpose. Also reiterated, is that the people must be educated as to the purpose of the church. If people know the purpose, they will begin to live according to the purpose as evangelists, worshipers, disciples and ministers. Small groups have become on the most successful ways of reaching out to the present generations. These groups can be seeker groups which meet away from the church in a home or for an activity. The purpose of seeker groups is develop relationship with the lost. Disciple/Growth groups are great for Christians of all maturity levels, but especially for the new Christian. Support groups such as prison ministries, divorce, alcohol and drug recovery groups are widely accepted and appreciated by the community, helping others and their families. If at all possible, staff should be built around people from within the church. Anyone brought in must be extremely likable and hold a similar missional view for the church. There should be mission teams, music teams, membership teams, maturity team, and ministry teams as part of the church. With each owning a specific purpose within the church, no single one is being emphasize, and no one is being left out. The pastor should preach according to the purpose of the church. This should be how the church grows to accept and believe in its purpose. The priorities of a church are easily seen through its budget and calendar. The budget should be scheduled wisely and in ways that directly impact the purposes of the church. The purposes of the church must also show up on the calendar. If they are not there, they will not succeed. Finally we should evaluate our church purposefully. Our standards should be set on how well we achieve our purposes. It is also quite important to recognize the significance of vision for the church. Vision is defined as â€Å"my understanding of what God wants done in the place where he has placed me.† If the vision of the pastor is not accepted by the majority of the congregation, it should probably be reevaluated. In some cases the church itself may be quite ill and not really understand what it needs. A slow movement in the direction is the only way to help such churches turn themselves around. Without a vision, the church has nothing to aspire to. As Proverbs 29:18 says, â€Å"Where there is no vision the people perish.† A can be worn down over time if it lacks vision. Specific goals set for the church keep members active in their faith and daily activities. Vision, like purpose, must be passed on to the congregation through passionate messages from the pastor. Such vision must also inspire the pastor to live accordingly as an example for his congregation. If the people don’t know or understand the vision of the church and the pastor, then the pastor isn’t doing a well enough job communicating it. Vision must not attempt to go beyond the reasonable means of the church. The gifts and talents of the pastor and the congregation limit the vision of a church. This factor of vision is just the first of nine factors that are nearly always present in growing churches. The second factor is evangelism. Because God intends his church to grow, all members of the church body are to be evangelists. Congregation must acknowledge that they have to go outside to evangelize, not sit comfortably within the walls of the church. Thirdly is the maturation factor. The church must develop leaders through the maturing of their faith. Fourth is the worship factor. People must know that worship is key to our faith, for we were created to worship God. Sjogren’s Power Principle #7 states that your style is not the key to success, so although your church will be identified by your worship style, God comes into your midst, not because of worship style, but because hearts are hungry for the presence of God. Fifth is the preaching factor. Preaching must be done in a way that leads the congregation to understand the faith of the pastor. Television and computers have changed the way people expect to be informed at church. According to Rainer, the unchurched want a pastor who is â€Å"real† and is a person of conviction; they want a good communicator and a good leader. Furthermore, they want to hear preaching that teaches the Bible and applies to their own individual lives.† Leadership, giving, mission, and the birthing of new ideas finish of the list of factors for church growth. Leaders must be strong and confident, giving must be done sacrificially, and people must have a world view of missions. Turning attendees in members into ministers is the encompassing purpose in a church’s discipleship program. If members can be made who possess a serious passion for the lost, then a church is well-on its way to long-term success. In our recent trip to the Seattle area, we experienced several churches which had great outreach success. Mars Hill church was by far the most successful. It was obvious because of the size of the church (running c.500), as well as the specific focus and outreach. With hundreds of small groups and a target audience of 16-35, Mars Hill represents a successful outreaching church. Other churches showed their weaknesses within pastoral staff and mixed traditions as compared to the vision and purpose of the church. Bibliography Hunter, George G. III. The Celtic Way of Evagelism. 2000, Abington Press, Nashville, Maddix, Mark. Class Lectures, Spring 2005. Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, McLaren, Brian D. More Ready Than You Realize. 2002, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, . Warren, Rick. Purpose Driven Church. 1995, Nelson Books, Nashville, TN.

life lessons :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since I was young until now, I have learned a lot of life’s lessons. And some I go by, and some I use once and then get rid of them. But there are ones that I keep for a short time, and keep for a long time, because you never know when they will come in handy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ones that I have still, they are good ones. I keep the good ones, and just forget the bad ones, because why keep lessons that will not help get you some where or get you out of a jam. Having little good life lessons is a lot better than having a lot of great life lessons or a lot of bad life lessons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is one main life lesson that I use all the time. And it is, to never be a quitter, because being a quitter is worse than losing. Being a quitter is even worse than being a loser. Cause, who would want to be called a quitter their whole life. I would rather spend extra time trying to get it down and done, then be a quitter. Cause if you quit at one thing, most will quit every time a roadblock is in their way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life lessons are good for people. They can help you more than they can hurt you. They really don’t hurt you, because they are like warnings for the bad stuff out in the world today. They are just little helpful hints. They are especially helpful when you are in the time of need. If a life’s lesson hurts you, you are using them in the wrong way.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think the more life lessons you get and keep is good for your self-character. They show good character about you to other people. Because you don’t want to have badly self image. Because if other people see it as a bad self image, then you will try so hard to make it look like a good self image, and that you have good character, then it will make you look self absorb.

Alfred Adler Personality Theories

Alfred Adler was a little baby boy born on the suburb of Vienna on February 7, 1870. He almost died of pneumonia when he is five years of age. At this age he decided to become a physician. (Ewen, Robert,p. 5) . Alfred was an intelligent, sociable and a very active boy. He was n average student of a University. He finished his medical degree in the University of Vienna in 1895.Alfred’s wife was Raissa Timofeyewuna Epstein, a social activist and a very intelligent woman and blessed with four children. (Ewen, Robert, p. 15) at first Alfred Adler become an ophthalmologist and soon changed it to  his general practice..He encountered clients like circus people. Because of these clients he realized that the strength and weaknesses of the performers made him develop into organ inferiorities and compensation. (Levine, Robert Alan,p. 10)He becomes a physician or a doctor in the Australian army. Because of this experience he comes up to a concept of social interest. This concept makes every human to realize that they must survive and change in their own ways. Contribution to the field of Psychology of Personality Alfred Adler’s motivating force is striving for the perfection. Adler believe that this is the desire of people have to fulfill their potential in order to come up their ideal.Agression drive which refers to the reaction of people have, as well as their drives. Compensation is another term used by Adler which means striving to overcome. In the masculine protest, Adler emphasized that the boys have a high esteem than girls. It means that men are better than women. Boy’s have the capacity to do all great things and women don’t have. Just because they do have the power, education, talent and motivation needed to do all the excellent work. And the last one is the striving for superiority.It is the desire to be better not for his own but to better than others. (Ewen, Robert, p. 22) Adler’s approach â€Å"individual psychology† was contributed to psychology. Adler developed a different personality types like the getting or leaning type, in this type people are anti-social and have a low activity levels. Next is the avoiding type, are people who hate to be rejected. People have a low social contact and afraid of rejection. In this type, people always aware to their actions and behavior. They are very careful on what actions or decisions should be made.Ruling dominant are people who are willing to manipulate situations and people. And the last one is the social useful type, people in this type are very sociable and active. Instead of discussing about a person’s personality Adler also talk about lifestyle. According to Alfred Adler, lifestyle refers to how you live your life, how to handle problems and interpersonal relations. It means that lifestyle of people help them realize their selves, how to handle their problems and how to communicate to other people. Application of Personality Theories to W ork Place Alfred Adler’s theory of personality is very useful because it can help people act properly.People always think positively so that they can perform better and resulting to an excellent performance. They can carry all the problems that they will be encounter and they can find a better solution for that. People will always aim high and give excellent effort to perform their jobs. Personality theories application is said to be a positive theory, make people a goal oriented, positive thinking, problem solver ,and help to make people an excellent one in terms of their work and in their life. Life style approach of Adler refers how to live life, how to handle problems and interpersonal relations. According to Alfred Adler â€Å"The style of life of a tree is the individuality of a tree expressing itself and molding itself in an environment.We recognize a style when we see it against a background of an environment different from what we expect, for then we realize that ev ery tree has a life pattern and is not merely a mechanical reaction to the environment. † Base on this approach we can conclude that every person’s behavior and personality usually based on their life pattern and their environment . Personality theory can help a lot to the work place because individual here has a good life pattern and environment.People are willing to achieve goals and always want to excel in their own specializations. Problems are disregarded and always find solutions for it Because of this positive personality of people ,they become very successful and fulfilled. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ewen, Rowen B. , 1998, An Introduction to Theories of Personality Mahwah, New Jersey.Ewen, Rowen B. , 2003, An Introduction to Theories of Personality Mahwah, New Jersey.Levine, Robert Alan, 1982, Culture, Behavior, and Personality New York.Schinka, John A. , 1997, Introduction to the Special Series-Personality Assessment Instruments.

Communication Strategies for Leaders Essay

A leader must be able to communicate effectively. When asked to define leadership, theorists and practitioners alike frequently use the words â€Å"influence,† â€Å"inspire† and â€Å"transform,† all of which depend on communication, verbal and nonverbal. Leaders lead through their words and actions. This text focuses on both, thus the emphasis throughout on emotional intelligence, the ability to understand the self and others (Barrett, 2011). Effective leadership communication requires the ability to anticipate to the potential interruptions in the transmission of the message, appreciate the context, understand the audience, select the right medium and craft a clear message that allows the meaning to reach the specific receiver as intended (Barrett, 2011). In my quest to achieve superior communication leadership skills I have had the opportunity to assess and evaluate my effectiveness in communication leadership. This personal assessment has indicated I must become more strategic as strategy is the foundation on which any effective communication depends on. Leaders must be able to analyze their audience in every situation and design a communication strategy that facilitates accomplishing their communication. Communication is critical to every organization and for any aspiring leader. I plan to be strategic in developing a plan to be a more effective communicator by reaching out to external constituents as that is an area for communication improvement. Overall, effective communication strategy depends on ones thinking and planning strategically understanding your audience, and structuring your communication for different situations, delivery methods, and audiences to ensure that you connect with your audience and deliver your intended message (Barrett, 2011). III. As a leader and manager in my organization I take pride in being an effective leader and communication. I have been at my non-profit organization for the past 6 years and have made significant improvement and learned to grow my communication skills. Owens (1998) mentions two key features of leadership which are: (1) the engagement of persons in a process that identifies them with goals, and (2) the potential to change the institutional environment (e.g. values, beliefs, etc.) by implementing diversity goals into the organizational culture. At the same time, I am a leader that promotes integrity to motivate ethical behavior across the entire organization. Also, it is important for me to create an open environment in which followers and employees feel free to speak up and come forward to me when any action needs to take place. Overall, I am always striving to be a better communicator in all situations as it teaches as I want to be recognized by others as a transformational leader. I consider my oral public speaking skills to be my major strength when communicating to internal colleagues at my organization. I am always poised to conduct presentations and participate in public speaking engagements. I always maintain a sense of confidence and take pride in my public speaking skills. At the same time, I feel much more comfortable in situations where I can communicate effectively with my team members and demonstrate my dynamic skills to engage them effectively. I tend to be a coach and a motivator among my employees. I use different means to get my employees to want to be better at their duties and take full ownership of their tasks and goals. I also have a lot of confidence in being able to utilize my skills in dealing with others feelings and communicating with them solutions to help them with their particular situation. I would consider my interpersonal communication skills with external relations as an area for improvement. I tend to be an extrovert when it comes to public speaking and very confidant with communicating with large audiences but I tend to be introverted when it comes to communication in smaller groups or individual communication with members of external organizations. Barrett (2011) suggests that selecting the right spokesperson to deliver external messages can be almost as critical as the message themselves. I need to work on this part of my communication leadership by participating in more social and networking events to work on my confidence in communicating with external constituents. I also plan to travel more with my executive leadership team and attend meetings and events to get a better understanding of how to communicate more effectively in my external communication. Improvement Goal Effective leadership communication requires the ability to anticipate to the potential interruptions in the transmission of the message, appreciate the context, understand the audience, select the right medium and craft a clear message that allows the meaning to reach the specific receiver as intended (Barrett, 2011). I always maintain a sense of confidence and take pride in my public speaking skills. At the same time, I feel much more comfortable in situations where I can communicate effectively with my team members and demonstrate my dynamic skills to engage them effectively which include motivating and coaching. I would consider my interpersonal communication skills with external relations as an area for improvement. I tend to be an extrovert when it comes to public speaking and very confidant with communicating with large audiences but I tend to be introverted when it comes to communication in smaller groups or individual communication with members of external organizations. I have action steps in place to help me in my leadership development which include attending more external corporate events and meetings with the executive team. Solicit feedback from executive team members concerning areas for improvement and change any behavior based on feedback. Also, I plan to participate in more networking events with external constituents. References Aamodt, M. (2013). Industrial/Organizational Psychology: An applied approach. Seventh edition. Cox et. al (2007). Evaluating organizational-level work stress interventions: Beyond tradition methods. Work & Stress, 21, 348-362. Ebbers, L., Conover, K., Samuels, A. (2010). Leading from the middle: preparing leaders for new roles. New directions for Community Colleges.Wiley Periodicals. Frese, M (2009). The changing nature of work. In N. Chmiel (Ed.) An introduction to work and organizational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 397-413). Oxford: Blackwell publishing. Lawler, E.E. (2001). Organizing for high performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Owens, Robert. (1998). Organizational Behavior in Education (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

WAS Justininain.... essays

WAS Justininain.... essays Famous leaders in history often exhibit a combination of good and bad qualities. The Byzantine emperor Justinian was such a leader, showing both great talents and great personality flaws. When trying to determine whether Justinian was a great ruler. The three things that tell the most about him are; his conquests, political accomplishments, and personal life. This first examination will be along the lines of his militant conquests and his military. One thing Justinian can be credited for is how he built up a truly great military. Learning from the Romans mistakes, he added such components as a larger calvary and more powerful navy. Justinian was also known for his military conquests in which he retook much of the Mediterranean coast, Justinian felt this crucial because most of the then rulers of the Mediterranean kingdoms were run by Germans, who were Arian, practicing a mutated form of Christianity. The Roman Church considered this form of religion sacrilegious. Thus in a way sort of obligating Justinian, being loyal to Rome, to do so. Justinian also reacted to the extreme mistreatment of orthodox Christians by the Vandals in Africa. In my opinion, this sort of revenge, is considered just, and a good mark for Justinian. The second trial will rely on his political accomplishments. Justinian is most widely know for what was called, The Justinian Code. This was a set of laws meant to replace Roman laws due to their repeating self-canceling nature. Another good political accomplishment was the setting up of an awesome bureaucracy, which was almost as large as the American one we are familiar with today. Another final achievement in politics was his setting up of a firm trade system, which kept the empire on its feet. Finally, third, his personal life. This is the only section-in opinion-which Justinian did poorly. Soon ...

AIDS symtoms essays

AIDS symtoms essays The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of infections that do not normally develop in people with healthy immune systems. These infections are termed "opportunistic infections." Patients with AIDS have had their immune system destroyed by HIV and are susceptible to such opportunistic infections. The general symptoms are fevers, sweats, chills, weakness, and weight loss. Some other ones are loss of energy, weight loss, a thick, whitish coating of the tongue or mouth that is caused by a yeast infection and sometimes accompanied by a sore throat. There is also an easier chance of bruising, a continuos deep dry cough, and an increase in loss of breathe. These symptoms however may not necessarily mean that you have AIDS. The best way to fully be sure that you have AIDS would be to go see a doctor. It may just be that you have a very bad cold. Yet people normally will have HIV for years before they fully develop AIDS at which point they should be aware of it. There are however for main stages of HIV/AIDS. This is how people normally develop AIDS: This is when people first contract HIV/AIDS. This stage may last about three (3) months and in some rare cases, as long as a year. Now a process to produce anti-bodies symptoms of infection. This stage may last for years. At this stage, people show signs and symptoms of infection. This stage may last for years as well. Immune system cells are severely depleted. Now the body enters full blown AIDS. At this point the bodys Immune System is completely destroyed. So now more diseases easily spread to the victim. However children get more symptoms which are also complications within them selves. Some of these symptoms are: ...

Space Tornadoes - Seen in Space or from Space

Space Tornadoes - Seen in Space or from Space Space tornadoes is a weather term that can have 2 different meanings. A space tornado can mean a tornado that occurs in outer space or it can mean terrestrial tornadoes that can be seen from space. Keep in mind that only terrestrial tornadoes on Earth are technically classified as a real tornado. Cosmic Tornadoes from Young Stars Solar Windstorm Tornadoes auroras New research from the University of California has made detailed measurements of these space tornadoes, also known as substorm current wedges. According to a National Geographic News story, space tornadoes kick-start terrestrial auroras. The University of California team has discovered that space tornadoes form at least every three hours and take just a minute to reach the ionosphere. Tornadoes from Space weather satellites Weather on Other Planets Hows the Weather on Other Planets? is an excellent site to tour the typical weather on other planets. For instance, the temperature on Venus, with an intense greenhouse effect, can reach 900 degrees Fahrenheit. You can also tour the 1,00 mile per hour winds on the planet Saturn.

Omani Teachers Use (perception) of ICT in classes after taking an Research Proposal

Omani Teachers Use (perception) of ICT in classes after taking an ICDL(international computer driving liscence) training course - Research Proposal Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABSTRACT To discover how Omani teachers have transformed in their Information communication technology teaching strategy to groups of students after ICDL or International Computer Driving License training is the interest of this study. It will look into policy documents of the company that sponsored the training programme and the policy makers of the Ministry of Education. The researcher will use descriptive quantitative research in gathering the data. Questionnaires will be prepared and sent to the corresponding teachers who successfully finished the programme and obtained the license to teach the same. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The teaching of Information communication technology to groups of students through classroom instruction is of essence for learners to cope with the needs of the 21st century lifestyle and business ways after graduation. In almost every human transaction nowadays ICT is involved. Besides, ICT have just turned out to be one that is a progressive technology in nature; hence the need for continuous upgrading of what is the latest for those who have learned the technology already, and for the learned educators to pass on the knowledge to learners. Background of the Study Internationally, instruction and education in the higher level of formal schooling in some institutions have seen so much transformation with the emergence of information technology as a primary discipline towards modern communication and business transactions strategy. Not only is the demand rising in the first world countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France, but, it is also intensifying in developing...In almost every human transaction nowadays ICT is involved. Besides, ICT have just turned out to be one that is a progressive technology in nature; hence the need for continuous upgrading of what is the latest for those who have learned the technology already, and for the learned educators to pass on the knowledge to learners. Internationally, instruction and education in the higher level of formal schooling in some institutions have seen so much transformation with the emergence of information technology as a primary discipline towards modern communication and business transactions strategy. Not only is the demand rising in the first world countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France, but, it is also intensifying in developing economies like Oman. Nonetheless, even in a highly industrialized economy like the United Kingdom, information communication technology or ICT have still to be incorporated into primary curriculums (Williams and Easingwood, 2003). Currently, enthusiast as well as experts in the field of information technology have organized themselves and offered trainings with corresponding certificates of complet

Op-ed Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Op-ed - Research Paper Example Another relationship that such a shift would affect is that between the US and Israel, especially as Israel also views Iran as being the main destabilizing player in the region. These rifts between Iran and almost every other Arab power have largely shaped US-Iranian relations in the past decade. In the aftermath of the US’ overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003 and the Arab Spring movements, the US and Iran have been pitted in intense battles for influence in Afghanistan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq (Singh 1). While US officials continue to state that military action against Iranian nuclear installations remains an option, several developments in the Middle East have acted to realign relations between the two countries. The need for cooperation between Iran and the US in ensuring successful political transition in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as in coordinating a successful military operation against ISIS, has worked to align both countries’ foreign policy (Cullis 1). One notable result of this lull in political tensions has been the US government’s softened stance towards Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in the Gaza Strip. As a result, even with US foreign policy still identifying Sunni Arab states like Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Turkey as its closest ally, the convergence of Iranian policy and US policy has led to common interests. However, rather than being part of a conscious change in US foreign policy, it is more of a geo-political reality. President Obama’s admi nistration has stressed that the US is not coordinating the ISIS effort and regional policies with Iran, although the recent intensive negotiations on Iran’s nuclear program has led to increased understanding (Cullis 1). For analysts like Laura Rozen at Al-Monitor, however, the chance for any rapprochement between Iran and the US is slim at best, if the history of

Security Issues in Daily Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Security Issues in Daily Life - Essay Example Airports serve as gateways for people to reach different places. Thousands of people go to the airport and work for the airport everyday that is why it is a must that airports are secured and safe. Airports are one of the places which practice heavy security inspection (FWAO, 2006). Every area of the airport has security inspections. Upon entrance, most airports will already have metal detectors and x-ray scanners for the baggage. Recent development in technology enables airport security to have a human scan similar to an x-ray baggage scan wherein all metals and explosives can be detected (TSA, 2008). Some of these scanners are the backscatter x-ray and Compton x-ray. After being thoroughly inspected, the airport passengers check-in their baggage. After checking in the baggage, passengers again undergo a more rigid inspection. Body search and metal detectors are again used (Airsafe). This is the last security inspection before leaving the airport. In the US, fingerprinting is now being practiced. They also use smartcard readers. Smartcard technology is an additional security device used in US airports to ensure all the passengers have a record in the system (FWAO, 2006). Together with the fingerprinting, they can name all the passengers and in case of attacks, they can trace the culprits using the finger prints. Aside from these security checkpoints, most airports are equipped with closed-circuit television (CCTV). These are being monitored all day round. Airport security personnel are very diverse. Some of the most common security personnel are the airport police, some local or area police, military men, police dogs and bomb specialists, and airport security. Aside from these security personnel, airports have immigration officers who check the identity of the entering passengers. All of these personnel work together ensuring the safety of the people inside the airport (Airsafe). According to TSA (2008), different

Cycle of Kolb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cycle of Kolb - Essay Example According to the theory, concrete experience is followed by reflection of the experience on a personal level. Based on the reflection, one may try to conceptualise some general rules followed by an attempt to see if the rules are logic. This leads to the next concrete experience. When I joined the OB team, I had a lot of expectations and hopes about my performance in the team. I dreamt of getting a good reputation the team, and I hoped to be happy as I always loved to be cared and appreciated by others. However, after joining the team, I realized that things were not exactly the same as I imagined. I was hardly getting any attention nor was I able to perform well as I had many areas in my work where I was weak. However, I was reluctant to seek others’ help as I thought it would make my position more vulnerable. In addition, as I was too sensitive to comments, even the slightest hints of neglect and negative comments depressed me. Soon, team activities became a nightmare for me . I became too conscious to avoid any mistake. In addition, I had a rather poor relation with other members of the team. The bitter experience that made me reflect upon my own nature took place in March 2011. There was a meeting of my team to develop a plan to handle a serious case. To my utter surprise and dismay, I found that I was given no important role to play in the case. Though removing me was not directly discussed, many members were indicating the need of bringing someone with proficiency and experience. This was much beyond my expectations and control. So, at tea time, I left the meeting. On reaching home, I analysed as to what went so seriously wrong in my case because things were moving further and further away from my hands, and if something was not done, the situation was going to ruin my career and life. I tried to analyze the problem from a neutral view point. As West (172) observes, there are three types of conflict in teams; conflict about the task, conflict about team processes, and interpersonal conflict. In my team, everyone seemed happy working together and I could not find any conflict about tasks. On the other hand, successful completion of each task made the members growing closer in their relations, though I was growing more and more disappointed about my poor contribution. Moreover, there was no conflict about team process, and even personal relations. I was the only element in the team that was feeling detached and disappointed. When I looked into my faults, I could find that the first problem about me was my introverted nature. It did not allow me to be a good team player. As Thomas and Kilman (as cited in West, 2004) identified, there are five personality styles. They are: (1) competitive- taking a firm stand, and is useful when defending against a malicious motive, (2) collaborative- cooperative and takes into consideration the view point of all, (3) compromising- trying to reach a solution that at least partially satisfy all, (4 ) accommodating- trying to accommodate the interests of the other group, often surrendering ones own, and (5) avoiding- trying to evade the conflict entirely. (Source: Conflict Resolution, Mindtools). When I looked into my own position, I found that it was more of an avoiding type. Though I was well aware about my abilities, my attitude was ‘good for nothing’ most of the time, giving me a non- competent image in the team. Yet another serious issue I could identify with me was my egocentric nature. As I mentioned, I had lack of knowledge in certain fields but my hesitation to ask others only exaggerated the problem. If I asked someone in my team, they would only be happy to offer a solution at any time I prefer. It was unwise from my part to cover up the issues. I seemed seriously erred in not

Physiology and Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Physiology and Function - Essay Example In this regard, the atria facilitate the circulation by fundamentally allowing continuous venous flow to the heart during pulsation (Anderson, 1993). The Endocardium is the innermost layer of tissues that line the heart’s atrial and ventricular chambers. Since it underlies the muscular tissues that control the contraction of the heart, the endocardium provides feedback control to the heart through its interaction with the coalescing blood (Brutsaert, 1989). The pulmonary artery, which is located directly beneath the aorta, carries blood to the lungs from the right ventricle. It is important to point out that, this is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood. In this regard, the artery carries the blood to the lungs for oxygenation in order to support the cardiovascular system (Halpern, 2011). The heart is divided into four chambers with the two lower chambers being the right and left ventricles. On one hand, the right ventricle is responsible for receiving blood and pumping it into the pulmonary artery where blood that is poor in oxygen is oxygenated and returns to the heart via pulmonary veins. Conversely, the left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta after obtaining it from the left atrium, which distributes blood to the rest of the body (Anderson,

Cycle of Kolb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cycle of Kolb - Essay Example According to the theory, concrete experience is followed by reflection of the experience on a personal level. Based on the reflection, one may try to conceptualise some general rules followed by an attempt to see if the rules are logic. This leads to the next concrete experience. When I joined the OB team, I had a lot of expectations and hopes about my performance in the team. I dreamt of getting a good reputation the team, and I hoped to be happy as I always loved to be cared and appreciated by others. However, after joining the team, I realized that things were not exactly the same as I imagined. I was hardly getting any attention nor was I able to perform well as I had many areas in my work where I was weak. However, I was reluctant to seek others’ help as I thought it would make my position more vulnerable. In addition, as I was too sensitive to comments, even the slightest hints of neglect and negative comments depressed me. Soon, team activities became a nightmare for me . I became too conscious to avoid any mistake. In addition, I had a rather poor relation with other members of the team. The bitter experience that made me reflect upon my own nature took place in March 2011. There was a meeting of my team to develop a plan to handle a serious case. To my utter surprise and dismay, I found that I was given no important role to play in the case. Though removing me was not directly discussed, many members were indicating the need of bringing someone with proficiency and experience. This was much beyond my expectations and control. So, at tea time, I left the meeting. On reaching home, I analysed as to what went so seriously wrong in my case because things were moving further and further away from my hands, and if something was not done, the situation was going to ruin my career and life. I tried to analyze the problem from a neutral view point. As West (172) observes, there are three types of conflict in teams; conflict about the task, conflict about team processes, and interpersonal conflict. In my team, everyone seemed happy working together and I could not find any conflict about tasks. On the other hand, successful completion of each task made the members growing closer in their relations, though I was growing more and more disappointed about my poor contribution. Moreover, there was no conflict about team process, and even personal relations. I was the only element in the team that was feeling detached and disappointed. When I looked into my faults, I could find that the first problem about me was my introverted nature. It did not allow me to be a good team player. As Thomas and Kilman (as cited in West, 2004) identified, there are five personality styles. They are: (1) competitive- taking a firm stand, and is useful when defending against a malicious motive, (2) collaborative- cooperative and takes into consideration the view point of all, (3) compromising- trying to reach a solution that at least partially satisfy all, (4 ) accommodating- trying to accommodate the interests of the other group, often surrendering ones own, and (5) avoiding- trying to evade the conflict entirely. (Source: Conflict Resolution, Mindtools). When I looked into my own position, I found that it was more of an avoiding type. Though I was well aware about my abilities, my attitude was ‘good for nothing’ most of the time, giving me a non- competent image in the team. Yet another serious issue I could identify with me was my egocentric nature. As I mentioned, I had lack of knowledge in certain fields but my hesitation to ask others only exaggerated the problem. If I asked someone in my team, they would only be happy to offer a solution at any time I prefer. It was unwise from my part to cover up the issues. I seemed seriously erred in not

Effectiveness of Public Private Partnerships Cooperation Between Essay

Effectiveness of Public Private Partnerships Cooperation Between Business and The Government - Essay Example In such sort of relationship, there is a co-dependency of both the parties involved. The responsibility of government is of primal importance as it is solely the duty of government to provide the private sector with public services. Hence, governments are making use of such partnerships thereby getting massive financial benefits from public private partnerships. Apart from providing value for money, public private partnerships are also useful for providing newly formulated designs, advanced public services, and an excessively rapid process of construction. Some governments are facing alleged accusations of using public private partnership for political motives. It is a substantial fact that public private partnership function properly under the mutual affinity between the private and public sector thereby making pp services as non-privatized and non-nationalized services. In addition to it, such partnerships offer mutual dependency upon each other, which allows them to attain remarka ble results. The core issue related to public private partnership is budgeting for it entirely depends upon the financing of the private group. For instance, if finances and cost of the project are the responsibilities of the private sector, the government does not feel the necessity to take control of matters related to finance. However, when funds are un-available, government feels the need to meet the financial requirement by imposing public taxes. Trans-European Network for transport is proposed to alleviate problems related to financing in public private partnership. This network is constructed to meet the requirements of recession and inflation. As with the descending economical condition of many countries,...This paper outlines the growing importance of successful cooperation between public and private sector in form of public private partnerships in the world today. The well designed project not only helps the parties to stay committed to their work but it also offers them a scope of improvement than the previous project, the risk factors are reduced, reliability is higher and the efficiency of the project is also higher. One of the biggest advantage of public private partnership is that in case of any mishap or loss in the project; the expenses are shared by both the parties involved. The risks of bigger losses are minimized. Another significant advantage of these partnerships is achieved by the fact that it is essentially duty of the government to decide the user charges on which a normal person can use the infrastructure. Due to the current economic recession, the significance of public-private partnership has been increased as now governments are facing grave economical pressure and private-public partnership has become a strong medium to facilitate the building of infrastructure because the investors have been encouraged to invest in the building of infrastructure that may include hospitals, re-creational parks, educational institutions, etc. Apart from providing value for money, public private partnerships are also useful for providing newly formulated designs, advanced public services, and an excessively rapid process of construction. There are many forms of public private partnerships depending upon the business and finance controller of the project as sometimes it is solely in control of the public sector or in control of the private sector the other times.

Poverty, the Never-ending Disease Essay Example for Free

Poverty, the Never-ending Disease Essay Poverty is a lack of goods and services needed to maintain a minimal adequate standard of living. The definition of the term adequate varies, however, with the general standard of living in a society and with public attitudes toward deprivation. No university accepted the definition of basic needs exists because poverty is a relative concept. In poorer countries it means living at the brink of subsistence, while in our country few improvised families confront starvation, although many suffer from undernourishment. Not everyone is born into a life of the rich and glamorous. Those who are fortunate enough know that they are very lucky to be in their position. Others however are totally in different situations. They need to fend for themselves and having meal is something which comes only once a day. Malnutrition is the obvious result of not consuming the right amount of food. This will lead to outbreaks of diseases but in poverty stricken countries there are no hospitals to cure this. Lacking infrastructure means lacking educational rights. People who are living in poverty cannot afford to send their children to school so this will mean an unclear future for their children hence the undernourishment. Furthermore, living in crowded areas, this has a tendency to increase the chances of disease as people are drinking from unsafe sources of water. People around the world are not aware of how immense this issue is and sometimes hesitant to believe the scale that it has risen to. Without understanding the people living at a disadvantage from the rest, there is no cure for the problem. Poverty is not only the problem of the poor, but the rich as well. If the wealthy becomes too concentrated and there are too many people at the low end who cant contribute to the cost of society (taxes t o maintain infrastructure for instance) then more of that burden must fall to the wealthy. The wealthy that derive their wealth by selling goods and services to a mass market will be affected if the market dries up because too many individuals are too poor to be able to buy the goods/services. With hints of the invisible hand playing a role in this, it’s possible that the economy might not adjust to the buyers and sellers. People suffering from poverty may become enraged at the disparity between themselves and the wealthy and may express that rage through a violent revolution and redistribution of wealth. Some wealthy individuals may feel concern about such a disparity and choose to give some of their wealth to better the condition of the poor or to help the poor find a way to prosperity. Poverty in the United States has long been a social, political, and human rights issue. Few people would say that it is not our moral duty, as social human beings to take care of those less fortunate than ourselves, to the best of our ability. These types of people have what is called a â€Å"libertarian†. There is really no specific definition of â€Å"libertarian†, but it is associates justice with liberty. In relation to the matter at hand, specifically poverty in America, libertarians are against taxing the affluent or forcing people to aid the starving and poor. One of the most influential libertarians of our time is Professor Robert Nozik. His theory of justice begins with the principle that all people have rights, which require that we refrain from interfering with others. Other than this we have no obligation to do anything positive for anyone else, and likewise, they have no obligation towards us. These rights are natural or inalienable because all humans have them and they do not come from any social or political institutions. These rights forbid us from interfering with a person’s liberty even if it would promote some general good, or prevent another’s rights from being violated. Overall, the general idea is that people have the liberty to live a life free from intervention of others, and can lead their life however they so choose. In addition, he says that if a person acquired their fortune or possessions without harming, defrauding, or violating the rights of any others, then it is morally permissible to use those things however one wishes. This includes wasting, willing, or endowing the possessions to someone else. Even though many people are dying from starvation and malnutrition, Nozik’s theory of justice states that one has no obligation to help those people. His theory is summarized as follows: 1. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in acquisition is entitled to that holding. 2. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding. 3. No one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of 1 and 2. Relating to poverty, libertarians feel that no matter how the actual distribution of economic holdings may look, if all involved are entitled to the holdings they possess, then the distribution is just. Although Nozik’s theory concentrates on the just of distribution, Rawl’s theory of the difference principle can be thought of as the similar concept. The main moral motivation for the Difference Principle is similar to that for strict equality. The overwhelming economic opinion though is that in the foreseeable future the possibility of earning greater income will bring forth greater productive effort. This will increase the total wealth of the economy and, under the Difference Principle, the wealth of the least advantaged (the poor). The inequalities consistent with the Difference Principle are only permitted so long as they do not compromise the fair value of the political liberties. So, for instance, very large wealth differentials may make it virtually impossible for poor people to be elected to political office or to have their political views represented. These inequalities of wealth, even if they increase the material position of the least advantaged group, may need to be reduced in order for the first principle to be implemented. The difference principle may be the solution to poverty in the near future, but sadly the idea of strict equality between individuals will be a difficult concept for people to grasp. Capitalism is a system designed to produce for private profit, not for public need. We have gotten as far as we have due to decision-making of corporate boardrooms and placing them under the democratic control of the majority that the economy can provide for our needs. To do that, we need to bring into public ownership the largest 500 corporations and financial institutions. If the assets of these giant companies were under our democratic control, then investment and resources could be democratically controlled by working-class people. Resources would be available to address our most pressing social problems and allocated to areas of most need. To achieve this means breaking from giving any support to the two big-business political parties the Republicans and Democrats. They are both fully implicated in creating the present mess we are in. We need to build a new political party to represent our interests as workers, the poor and young people, and which points a finger at the real villains, the super-rich and the capitalist system.

Financial Performance Analysis of Amazon

Financial Performance Analysis of Amazon Executive Summary Amazon.com, Inc (Amazon) registered strong growth of 36% in 2008 mainly due to increased unit sales and expanded sales base in several categories. Meanwhile during the 3rd quarter of 2009, Amazon managed to report a steady growth despite the recession period. This report reviews and analyse Amazon financial performance as well as comparison with its competitors. All analysis and ratios are derived from data collected from respective companies annual reports and www.reuters.com. Brief Description of the Company Amazon is one of the leading online retailers in the world based in Seattle, Washington, United States of America. The company started its operation in 1995 and has regional involvement in the Asia Pacific, North America and Western Europe. Initially the core business of the company is selling online books however has diversified to products such as apparel, electronic and home improvement products. The company is involved in the internet retailing industry with 7.5% market share in 2008. The e-commerce industry has gone through major phases of growth and decline however, Amazon persevered and surprised everyone. Amazon achieved its first annual profit in 2003 and has continuously performed better each year. Amazons main competitors are the book retailer, Barnes and Nobles (BN) and third party retailing non-book related good, Ebay.com (Ebay). BN and Ebay are engaged in the similar industry as Amazon, which is online business and catalogue retailing of single and diversified product lines In terms of market capitalisation, Amazon has the highest at $59.57 billion and followed by Ebay and BN at $30.59 billion and $1.21 billion respectively. This indicates that Amazon has greater stability and low risk compared to the competitors. Financial Analysis Profitability The companys performance has improved wherein it has performed above the projections made throughout the four years period. Net sales have increased by 29.2% from $14,835 million in 2007 to $19,166 million in 2008 with net income of $476 million and $645 million respectively. The Cost of Sales (COS) has increased throughout the years partly contributed from the free shipping cost and has affected the net income figure. There was a drop in the net income in 2006 due to increase spending on technology and content and in income tax expenses. However, the said figure has increased thereafter. In terms of sales, Amazon has performed double from the competitors throughout the four-year period. Sales increased tremendously primarily due to low prices, vast selection of products and free shipping offers. However, in terms of Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Ebay operated at 74% has outperformed Amazon at 23% in 2008. The reason behind this is due to Amazons high expenditure on Cost of Sales (COS), which is about 70% of its sales value. The high COS was mainly contributed from the free shipping cost incurred. In comparison to Ebay, the company applies different business model from Amazon and have managed to minimise its expenditure on COS at about 20% of its sales value and therefore reflected to a high GPM. GPM proves that eBay is generating a very large percent of net income from each dollar of sales and this contributes greatly to the growing of eBays overall financial strength. Meanwhile, BN showed a better margin because of its smaller size and the retailer aspect. Amazon and BN have a stable Operating Profit Margin (OPM) of 4% compared to Ebay, which fluctuates within the same period. Its constant operating expenses of 20% from its sales value support the stable growth for Amazons OPM. Ebays fluctuation figures are resulted from high expenses incurred from selling, general and administrative. Based on the industry standard, Amazon and its competitors have performed ahead from the standard, which are 14.1% and 0.53% for GPM and OPM respectively. The low OPM standard can be ascribed to the effect of the recent financial crisis. As of the 3rd quarter of 2009, Amazons sales were $14,989 million with net income of $518 million. For the current year, it is projected a further increase of 21% and 19.5% in sales and COS respectively from 2008 primarily to the low prices, vast selection and free shipping offers. With the said sales projection, the net profit is projected at $743 million in 2009. The basis for the projection takes into consideration on the global economic downturn and changes in customer purchasing preferences. Based on the current quarter performance, the same trend was observed wherein Amazon is still having the highest net sales while Ebay still dominating the net income figure. BN was badly hit from the result of economic crisis. In comparison with the competitors, Amazons Return on Equity (ROE) was high in 2005 at 135% but drastically dropped throughout the years to 40% and 20% in 2007 and 2008 respectively. The main reason for the decrease was due to the yearly increase in the businesss equity. As at 2008, Amazons ROE is equivalent to the competitors and is expected to be in line with the competitors in the future. In comparison on the ROE and Return on Assets (ROA), Amazon has the highest growth among its competitors as it has a smaller capital base than Ebay and a higher profit level than BN. The high ROE is indicates that Amazon is continuing to grow. Meanwhile the ROA showed that Amazon is efficient in generating income from its assets compared to its competitors. The industry standard for the ROE and ROA are 3.8% and 1.6% respectively. The lower industry standard might be driven by the economic condition, which has a great impact to the performance and profitability of most companies. There was an increase of 1% for each year from 2006 to 2008 for the Return on Investment (ROI), whereas the Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) was at the highest in 2008 at 29%. These have indicated that Amazon is efficientat using its assets to generate earnings compared to the competitors. Liquidity and leverage analysis The companys current ratios are more or less similar to BN during the four-year period. The companys current ratio was between the ranges of 1.3 to 1.5 for the past four years. This indicates that Amazon is able to lay its hands on $1.30-$1.50 for every $1.00 they owe. In comparison between current and acid test ratio, acid test ratio is lower at average of 1.0 within the years. It will enable the company to cover its short-term liabilities adequately with its liquid assets. This is within some of the industry standards of 1:1, showing that the company will be able to cover its short-term liabilities adequately with its liquid assets. In comparison with the industry, Ebay performed better than Amazon for both the current ratio and acid test ratio. Amazon fell below the standard in the initial years but almost meeting the standard in 2008 at 1.5:1. Although not performing better than the industry average, Amazon has good and stable ratios, which indicates that the company is able to cover its current liabilities. Amazons gearing ratio was high in 2005 at 86% and subsequently reduces within the years to 13% in 2008. Due to the operational efficiency, increased sales and improved liquidity, Amazon was able to reduce its debt and currently the business is funded with internal generated funds. Meanwhile, Ebay has no borrowings and BN has an average of 30% for the gearing ratio. The high borrowing in 2005 has a huge impact on the debt-to-equity ratio, which was 6:0:1. However as the borrowings is paid, the debt equity ratio when down to 0.2:1 in 2008. This indicates that Amazon has 20 cent debt for every $1 equity the company have. As for BN, its debt/equity ratio was at average of 0.5:1 during the four years. Therefore, in comparison, Amazon is less risky than BN. As Ebay has no borrowing, the interest cover for the said company is high compared to Amazon and Ebay. In comparison with the debt-to-equity ratio set by the industry, Amazon has a very low ratio of 0.2 compared to 40.98. As mentioned earlier, the industry ratio is on the high side due to the economic condition. Investment analysis Amazons common shares outstanding plus shares underlying stock-based awards outstanding totalled 446 million on December 31, 2008, compared with 435 million a year ago. As of to date, the said shares amounted to 451 million. Based on Amazons Earning per Share (EPS) trend, it indicated that the markets willingness to pay for the companys earnings has increased. This indicates that the market foresees Amazons long-term prospects over and above its current position. As at 3rd quarter 2009, the EPS was $1.20 and to grow further based on the companys projection on higher earnings in 4th quarter. Analyst predicts that strong online holiday sales will boost the shares of retailers, including Amazon and has recommended that the said shares will outperform in the market (Reuters.com, 2009). In terms of market performance, Amazons share price fluctuates throughout the years and increased tremendously in 2007 at $92.64 due to the launch of its e-book reader, Kindle. However, during the economy downturn in 2008, the share price dropped to $51.28 due to low operating profit as Amazon begins its price reduction for the goods and services. In 2009, the share price gradually increased and after the 3rd quarter results, it continuously went up and as at 11 December 2009, the share price was $134.15. The current Price/Earning Ratio has increased to 80.70 times from 33.80 times in 2008. Analyst predicted that with a strong revenue growth Amazon would be able to gain significant market share from other competitors (Stahl, 2009). Due to the economic downturn, all companies are affected which was reflected in its performance. Similar to Amazon, Ebays and BNs share prices had an initial stable growth but in 2008 it dropped by about 50%. While others are still struggling to recover from the economic situation, Amazon has showed a growth in 2009 and the share price has currently increased by 168% compared to Ebay and BN at 70% and 62% respectively. Cash flow Analysis As at 3rd quarter 2009, the cash and cash equivalents was $2,514, which a reduction from the opening balances at the beginning of the year of $2,769. During the period, the cash used in financing activities was $229 million compared to $1,199 million in 2008 of which the cash outflows results from repurchases of common stock, repayments of long-term debt. Repayments on long-term debt and payments on capital lease obligations were $379 million for the 3rd quarter 2009 and $335 million in 2008. Meanwhile, free cash flowwas $446 million for the quarter. Throughout the years, Amazon has managed to have a positive cash flow from its operating activities. This indicates a good sign that the core operation of the company is generating income. In comparison of Amazons total liabilities to the cash flow generated from operations, the company has enough funds to cover level of investment and takes about 3.3 years to pay back all its financial commitments. With the current cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances, the company is likely to be able to meet its anticipated operating cash needs for at least the next 12 months. In comparison between the cash flow from operating activities and net income, it indicated that Ebay has the higher ability compared to Amazon in managing its operating cash cycle through receivables, payables and inventory. The reason is that Ebay takes advantages of its payable days for as long as 361 days. Due to the similar business model, both companies have a negative cash cycle of which cash is generated from its payable and quick settlement payment from the customers. Management of Working Capital In terms of managing working capital, Amazon had maintained its positive cash flow being the highest at 2007 for an amount of $1,450. This indicates that the company is able to pay off its short-term liabilities and operating expenses accordingly. In comparison between the competitors, Ebay has the highest working capital of $4,023 million in 2007 while BN has the lowest at $841million in 2006. The high working capital for Ebay has enabled the company to be successful in its expansion programme and improve their operations. For the 3rd quarter ending 31st December, Amazons working capital is $1,832 million and is expected to increase further due to higher expectation of sales in the coming quarter. Working capital provides information on the companys underlying operational efficiency. In terms of efficiency, Amazon is efficient in using its assets in generating sales compared to its competitors, which are reflected in the asset turnover ratio. This indicates Amazons improved efficiency in inventory and asset management that is partly supported from the low pricing strategy and low profit margin. In comparison to the competitors, BN has the lowest account receivable days due to its retail business model, which is based on the cash transaction. Based on the account payable days, Ebay has taken advantage on the free source of finance for the business at 361 days compared to Amazon at 62 days. In respect of the inventory days, Amazon is able to turn the inventory quickly as low as 12 days compared to BN at 140 days. BN has high stock inventory days due to the reason of its retailing business model and product which requires some time to be sold. Due to the same business application, both Amazon and Ebay have a negative cash operating cycle, which indicates efficiency in cash management. In term of the industry standard, the three companies are performing above the indicative ratios, which are supported by the significant growth in the industry. Based on the industry standard, Amazon and the competitors are performing ahead from the standard. For the assets turnover ratio, Amazon was the highest at 2 times compared to 0.7 times industry standard. This indicates the companys efficiency at using its assets in generating sales. The reason Amazon performed better than the competitors is relatively derive from the pricing strategy wherein low profit margin company tends to have high asset turnover. Amazon Future Prospects Based on Amazons current performance, it is projected that the company will have a strong growth supported by the low pricing strategy and free shipping. Moreover, the latest acquisition of Zappos.com and improvised version of Kindle are expected to increase Amazon sales which leads to higher profitability. Due to the growth of Amazon, its annual earning is expected to grow over the next two to three years with sales reaching $2.38 million and $2.86 million respectively. Due to robust financial performance during the current economic condition, it has enhances investors confidence. Share prices are expected to increase with earnings of $2.57 and $2.38 per share in 2008 and 2009 respectively. In line with the said growth, Amazon will benefit in gaining additional market share despite tough competition from other online sites such as Ebay. References Amazon.com Annual Report 2008 Available from: http://amazon.com (accessed on 11th November 2009) Amazon.com 3rd Quarter 2009 Report Available from: http://amazon.com (accessed on 11th November 2009) Ebay.com Annual Report 2008 Available from: http://ebay.com (accessed on 11th December 2009) Barnes and Noble Annual Report 2008 Available from: barnesnobleinc.com ((accessed on 11th November 2009) BBC News (2008), Amazon Shares Fall Despite Growth. (Online) Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk (accessed on 5th December 2009) George Stahl (2009), Amazon Shares Hit All Time High. The Wall Street Journal (0nline), Available from: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125630854623203899.html (accessed on 4th December 2009) John Pacskowski (2009), Spare Change for Amazon Shares. The Wall Street Journal (Online), Available from: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125630854623203899.html (accessed on 4th December 2009) Richard Waters and Jonathan Birchall (2009), Amazon Share Surge Recalls Tech Boom Days (Online) Available from:http://ft.com (accessed on 5th December 2009) Reuters.com (2009), Nasdaq rises with Online Retailers Dos Dips on Oil. (Online), http://ul.reuters.com (accessed on 3rd December 2009) www. reuters.com (accessed on 1st December 2009)

Remote Network Administration for the Home and Small Office User :: Design and Technology

Remote Network Administration for the Home and Small Office User Remote network administration is a fast growing and widely used technology in the IT field today. It gives system and network administrators as well as home users the ability to fix problems, allow or deny access to websites, download information directly from another computer, and give program permissions for different users from the office that they are at or from anywhere in the world that has an internet connection. With this very powerful technology, come some very significant problems such as securing remote access sessions via data encryption, the use of Virtual Private Networks (VPN’s) and a vast amount of networking and connection problems that can occur. There are very useful tools and articles that have been written and programmed to help the network administrator or the savvy user that wants to connect to his computer at home. This paper will focus on network administration for small business and home users using a VPN, Remote Desktop Connection and Symantec’s PC Anywhere for Microsoft Windows XP Professional. Personal experience has shown that working remotely is very difficult to set up. This tends to discourage many users from using this kind of technology because it requires a large amount of know-how and patience. A SOHO user must have at least a basic knowledge about home and office networking. Microsoft has put together a wealth of information about not only their operating systems, but networking using windows as well. The Microsoft knowledge base is a fantastic source for information. It covers everything from error codes to troubleshooting internet connectivity problems. Microsoft TechNet (http://technet.microsoft.com/default.aspx ) is a collection of information about slightly older content. Lastly, the Microsoft Developers Network (http://msdn.microsoft.com ) is a collection of articles, forums and journals straight from IT professionals that develop for windows applications. Almost any SOHO user can get the information that they need about any problem from these websites. XP Pro is now the industry standard for an operating system with advanced networking features. Working remotely for the SOHO user starts with the configuration of the network in the home or office. The small business users need to access all of their data at all times. This is most efficiently done by having all computers in the office connected to a central server, having the server host all of the other computers and have all of the computers connected via a workgroup. After that is accomplished, the SOHO user can then attempt to establish a connection remotely. A VPN is one of the most secure ways to connect to the home or small office to date.

Assignment on the Contribution of Charles Babbage, Adam Smith and Robert Owen in the Field of Management Essay

Contribution of Charles Babbage in the field of Management Charles Babbage (1792–1871) is known as the patron saint of operations research and management science. Babbage’s scientific inventions included a mechanical calculator (his â€Å"difference engine†), a versatile computer (his â€Å"analytical engine†), and a punch-card machine. Babbage’s most successful book, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacturers, published in 1832, described the tools and machinery used in English factories. It discussed the economic principles of manufacturing, and analyzed the operations; the skills used and suggested improved practices. He showed that reducing the tasks of manufacturing to their simplest activities increases the numbers of people who can do them and, thus, reduces the average wage which needs to be paid. According to him, a work should be divided into mental and physical efforts and a worker should be paid a bonus in proportion to his own efficiency and success of the business. Babbage emphasized the importance of division of labor, indicating that greater profit could be made by specializing. Babbage also emphasized the importance of balance in processes and the principle of optimum size of the manufacturing unit for each class of product. Contribution of Robert  Owen  in the field of Management Robert Owen (1771–1858) was a successful Scottish entrepreneur and a utopian socialist who sowed the first seeds of concern for the workers. He was repulsed by the working conditions and poor treatment of the workers in the factories across Scotland. Owen became a reformer. At New Larnark, in his factory he was trying to make different approaches to the workers. He reduced the use of child labor and used moral persuasion rather than corporal punishment in his factories. He chided his fellow factory owners for treating their equipment better than they treated their workers. In 1813 he proposed a factory bill to prohibit employment of children under the age of ten and to limit hours for all children to 103/4 hours per day with no night work. The bill became law six years later, but was limited to cotton mills, reduced the age limit to nine, and included no provision for inspections; therefore, the law had little impact. Owen was totally devoted to management as a profession. Under his direction, houses and streets were built, the minimum working age for children was raised, working hours were decreased, meal facilities were provided, schooling were introduced, and evening recreation centers were opened to meet the problem of leisure. He is the father of modern Personnel Management. Contribution of Adam  Smith  in the field of Management Adam Smith (1723–1790) was a Scottish political economist. His Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, established the â€Å"classical school† and with its publication, he became the father of â€Å"liberal economics. † Smith argued that market and competition should be the regulators of economic activity and that tariff policies were destructive. The specialization of labor was the mainstay of Smith’s market system. According to Smith, division of labor provided managers with the greatest opportunity for increased productivity. He gives three reasons for the increased output due to the division of labor: a) to the increased dexterity in every particular workman b) to the saving of time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another c) to the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labor, and enable one man to do the work of many. His idea about the division of labor is fundamental to modern work simplification and time study, and extends also into such areas as production simplification.

A History of Violence, Released in 2005

â€Å"A History of Violence,† released in 2005, is an American crime thriller which demonstrates and relates to numerous topics discussed in Psychology: An Exploration. Different psychological disorders and theories can be seen throughout the film. Tom Stall, the main character, kills two robbers in self defense and becomes a hero. However, his over night popularity thrusts him into the spotlight and causes members of an organized crime family to begin harassing Tom and his family. The mobsters claim Tom is not who he portrays himself to be. In the beginning of the film, two sought after criminals nonchalantly murder motel workers and a young girl. They exhibit no regret or emotions after the killings and continue on their crime spree. Next they are shown casually plotting a robbery to obtain cash and a free meal. The two men walk into the restaurant, demand service, and attempt to assault and murder the workers and patrons within. However, their scheme is abruptly ended when Tom Stall, the restaurant owner, kills both robbers. Both of these criminals displayed antisocial characteristics. In chapter 12, Psychological Disorders, an antisocial person or sociopath is defined as â€Å"lacking in conscience or morals; users and con artists who experience no regret or strong emotions. † This definition defines the robbers psyche faultlessly. Intermediately in the film, Tom Stall’s son, Jack stall is shown being bullied. Bobby has continually harassed and bullied Jack for no apparent reason. Usually Jack tells jokes and ignores Bobby’s constant harassment. However, in this particular scene, Jack has had enough and retaliates. Bobby is an adolescent and may be dealing with a psychosocial crisis discussed in chapter 7, Development Across the Life Span. Erikson’s identity versus role confusion is defined as the â€Å"fifth stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self. † Bobby may have come into this stage without successfully completing the earlier four stages. The aftereffect of such an occurrence may be a juvenile delinquent like Bobby. His acts of bullying may be his way of â€Å"fitting in† or being â€Å"cool. † Tom also has a daughter, Sarah Stall. In one particular scene Sarah is awakened in the middle of the night by a bad dream. She wakes up screaming and expressing her concern of monsters being in her room. Tom rushes to his daughter’s aid and the rest of the family soon follows suit. Tom and others comfort the little girl and emphasize that she is safe and has nothing to be afraid of and should go back to sleep. Sarah eventually calms down and is able to go back to sleep. Chapter 7 discusses numerous parenting styles. One of those styles is authoritative parenting which is defined as a â€Å"style of parenting in which parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a child’s behavior. † Although Tom’s first instinct was to comfort Sarah and ease her mind he also made it clear that it was bedtime and time for her to quiet down and rest. Tom displayed a perfect example of authoritative parenting. After repeatedly denying accusations and claims of being an ex-gangster named Joey, Tom finally admits to his wife Edie that he was indeed involved in organized crime. Edie is disgusted by Tom’s confession and becomes ill. She lashes out and says, â€Å"What are you? Like some multiple personality schizoid! † Tom is stunned by her anger but replies by saying â€Å"I went out to the dessert and I killed him (Joey). I spent three years becoming Tom Stall! Schizophrenia is defined chapter 12 as a â€Å"severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish fantasy and reality. † Although Tom’s life as a small town restaurant owner was completely false, he knew this and could distinguish the difference between fantasy and reality. Tom may have somewhat displayed symptoms of Schizophrenia but a different delusional disorder may be a better diagnosis.

Analysis the Crime Pattern of Coastal and Hill Area in Bangladesh

Introduction: Bangladesh lies on the Bay of Bengal. She is also enriched with charming hilly areas. with the advancements of time, crime expands everywhere with its distinctive environmental, geographical & socio-demographical features. The fieldtrip we participated and visited Coast Guard, Chittagong; Cox’s Bazaar & Bandorban district opens us the vital opportunity to acknowledges different patterns of crime in the coastal and hilly regions of Bangladesh. Statement Of The Study:In Bangladesh, the Coast Guard is unique body of force that deals with the crime on the shore of Bay of Bengal and ensure secure sea zone for working & travelling; and also helps to economy on running with smooth velocity through preventing illegal trespassing & outgoing the economic martial’s including manpower. The Cox’s Bazar also a valuable economic zone with its versatility feature of criminal perspectives. The Bandorban is distinct hilly district holds the particular phenomenon†™s of crime.As a student of Criminology and Police Science we have studied the courses of different aspects of crime distributed in different geographical locations but the practical knowledge was unknown to us which are very essential for us. The visit of Coast Guard at Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar and Bandorban helped us greatly in this regard. Background of The Study: Crime is the situational & functional phenomenon that changes from place to place on basis of environment, efficiency of law and order agencies and the socio demographic characteristics of native people.Due to the urbanization and globalization influenced by the different economic factors the modulus of operandi and extent of crime become versatile. The Coast Guard agency at Chittagong region most effetely deals with the costal crime on maintaining law and order in coastal sea area ranges up to 1 km. from the coast. They face the aspects of crime that orientation is totally different on the nature & feature from the crimes crime in land. The Cox’s Bazar is most popular tourist zone with its largest unique sea beach. So it is a valuable open economic zone on road of development.Due to quick urbanization and communicational the socio demographic characteristics of people become trend to be unstable. The Cox’s Bazar is also known as a important corridor of trespassing of criminals and smuggling goods on the land of Bangladesh. The Bandorban is one of the best charming hilly districts in our country. But several geographical characteristics make it distinct from normal people of Bangladesh. At here, keep with the matching with socio demographic feature of people the nature and perspective of crime is totally different from the plane land.On participating as a member in the study tour I’ve acknowledged different patterns of crime with its social & economic consequence in that region. We also informed about the situation and preparation of law and order maintaining agencies, specially the Coast Guard & Police; to meet up these challenges and contributing a role to make Bangladesh better and safer place for working and living. Aims and Objectives: We select some aims to find out through the study- To familiar with the organization of Coast Guard. To acknowledge their role on protecting public & economy, working challenges on sea related crime, glory of achievement etc.To be informed about criminal tread & crime patterns of Cox’s bazaar district. To know about the preparation of Cox’s bazaar police in preventing crime and ensuring safety to the people, especially to the tourist. To familiar with the crime patterns in hilly areas mainly at Bandorban district. To find out entomological reasons of crime in hilly areas. To acknowledge the preparation of police on taking the challenges regarding to meet up these crime. To develop conceptual assessment by analyzing the crime patterns on costal and hilly region. Methodology:It is necessary for the one to know not only the methods but also the methodology. Methodology is a way to systematically solve any problem. Here we all collect data on qualitative process, it is concerned with qualitative phenomenon. Study Area: We visit several placeless on conducting the study tour. We first visit Chittagong coast guard base, then we proceed to Cox’s bazaar & also attended a seminar & a dinar party arranged by district police of Cox’s bazaar. At final stage we visit Bandorban district, there we also took part a discussion with the police authority of district police.Data Collection Method: As it is a qualitative research we used two methods for data collection ? Focus group discussion ?KII and ?Observational method. Findings of the study: The Bangladesh Coast Guard, is unique institution (excluding Armed Forces) fight on the sea for preserving public right and wealth though they have various fundamental deprivation in both personal & administrative context. On Cox’ s bazaar perspective, the native people are gentle & few people commit crime to meet up the demands of urbanization in different way.The crime patterns of costal area treaded to black business related including smuggling, selling drugs. Sometimes we notice some violent patterns of crime including robbery, murder. In Bandorban district, the native hilly people are really peace full. Among them violent crime is rare rather they involved few deviance type of crime. But in Bengali-hilly people mutual perspective there some violent patterns of criminal incidents including robbery, murder, abductions etc. Evolution Of Bangladesh Coast Guard: Prior to the formation of Coast Guard it is Bangladesh Navy who has been entrusted with this sacred policing task at sea.But navy has legal limitation in enforcing customs, fiscal, immigration and other laws at sea. To overcome all these difficulties Coast Guard Act 1994 was passed by parliament in September 1994 and formally the Coast Guard came into being on 22 February 1995. Organizational Organogram of Bangladesh Coast Guard (CG): Organogram of Bangladesh Coast Guard (CG): (Rank) Jurisdiction & Empowerment: Bangladesh Coast Guard has the jurisdiction over the entire sea areas of Bangladesh as declared under the Territorial waters and Maritime Zone Act 1974 and adjacent land areas along the coastal belt up to 1 km.Apart from the sea territory, the government has placed all the waterways of Bangladesh including 1-km land areas from the coasts including the waterways of world’s largest mangrove forest Sundarban. To ensure the task of Bangladesh Coast Guard is empowered to implement rules and regulations under Acts and Ordinances. It have two aspects- National: †¢Bangladesh Coast Guard Act 1994. †¢Immigration Ordinance 1982. †¢Environment Conservation Act 1995. †¢Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act 1974. †¢The Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983. †¢Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1983. †¢T he Customs Act 1969. †¢Narcotics Control Law 1969. Protection and Conservation of Fish Act 1950. †¢The Forest Act 1927. †¢The Port Act 1908 International: †¢United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea III of 1982. †¢Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973. †¢Convention on Biological Diversity 1992. †¢Convention of Protection of World Culture and Natural Heritage 1972. Under the mentioned Acts and Ordinances the Coast Guard is empowered within the terms of references to arrest any person, seize any property and carryout search having reasons to believe that an offence has been committed in violation of those Acts and Ordinances.Role & function of the Coast Guard: The fundamental role of Coast Guard is to protect the public, the environment, and the national economic and security interests through law enforcement at sea. Role has been clearly defined in the Coast Guard Act 1994 as you can acknowledge: ?Preserve national interests at sea areas of Bangladesh. ?Prevent illegal fishing in sea areas of Bangladesh. ?Prevent unauthorised entry into and illegal exit from Bangladeshi waters. ?Enforce warrant of any court or any other authority against any incoming marine transport or any person onboard that within the territorial waters of Bangladesh. Search and prevent any act of environment pollution in the sea areas of Bangladesh. ?Ensure safety of people working in sea areas of Bangladesh. ?Prevent smuggling and trespassing or narcotics, drugs etc. ?Participate in relief and rescue operations during natural calamities and salvage disastrous water transport, men and materials. ?Arrange transmission of necessary information including warning signals through radio or any other media during natural calamities. ?Assist Bangladesh Navy during war. ?Carry out patrol in Bangladeshi waters. Assist concerned authorities to ensure security of seaports. ?Prevent terrorist and sabotage activities in Bangladeshi waters and ass ist other agencies in this regard. ?Carry out any other duties assigned by the government. Activities of Coast Guard: Coast Guard is involved in many activities. Their participation is in a limited scale but the success rate is praise worthy. Initially the job was limited to anti smuggling and anti piracy operations within port limits of Chittagong and Mongla. But presently they are to operate in the entire coastal belt of the country.They are conducting anti smuggling operations, anti piracy operations, fishery protection operations, catching of illegal arms, forest preservation activities including election duty in the coastal and inland areas. More it successfully conduct some special work on the glory of dignity: Fishery protection operations †¢ Participated in ‘Jatka Nidhon Protirodh Operation’ in the coastal area every year. †¢ Coast Guard received ‘Gold Medal’ in 2005 for outstanding success in Jatka Protirodh operation. Prevention of ferti lizer smuggling :To curb fertilizer smuggling Operation SABUJ DHAN carried out from Sangu, Shah Pori Dwip and Sitakunda.Assistance to Bangladesh Navy (BN): †¢Joint operation is carried out as and when required. †¢CG East Zone tok over inner patrol during Bangladesh Myanmar crisis in 2008. Election duty: †¢Coast Guard was deployed in two constituencies for General Election in 2008 at Dacope and Koira. †¢One contingent were also deployed in Sandwip for Upazilla re-election . Post cyclone relief operation: †¢ Coast Guard carries out post cyclone operation as a regular task whenever required. †¢ Our Ships have contributed by carrying out post cyclone relief operation after the devastating cyclone Sidr in badly affected area like Barishal and Barguna.Special Operations: †¢2006- Operation Nirapad Jiban. †¢20067- Operation Nirapad Upakul. †¢Coast Guard was awarded with ‘Gold Medal’ in 2005 for extra ordinary success in Jatka Protiro dh Operation . †¢In 2006 two ship carried out Joint operation with Indian Coast Guard ship at Haldia, India. †¢In 2009 Coast Guard took part in Ex Somudra Torongo predicated by British Navy ship and Bangladeshi Armed forces and Law Enforcement Agencies Constraints And Limitations of Coast Guard: ?Limited manpower specially shortage of officer. ?No High speed all weather capable ships and boats. The full time security coverage is not possible to the ships beyond outer anchorage. ?No SAR helicopter. Future Plan Of Coast Guard: ?Acquisition of Land. ?Infrastructure and Manpower Development. ?Procurement of Ships / Water craft. Two ships purchasing like CGS RUPOSHI BANGLA is in progress. ?Around 50 high speed boats like US Defender class coming in service very soon ? Air Wing. ?Salvage & Rescue Ships. THE COX’S BAZAR General Orientation of Cox`s bazaar district: Area: 2491. 86 sq. Km Population: 25 Lac. Ratio of Police & citizen is 1 : 3120 No. of Upazila: 8 No. f Union : 71 Annual Rain Fall: 3,378 mm Highest Temp. Avg. :39. 50C (Jun) Lowest Temp. Avg. :11. 80C (Jan) Islands: Moheshkhali, Kutubdia,Matarbari-Dholghata, Sonadia & Saint Martin’s. Main Rivers: Bakkhali, Matamuhuri, Reju,Naf & Kohalia Cox`s bazaar Police District jurisdiction: Circles : Cox’s Bazar (Sadar) Circle Ukhia Circle Police Stations : Cox’sBazar Model Thana Chakoria Thana Moheskhali Thana Kutubdia Thana Ramu Thana Ukhia Thana Teknaf Thana Pekua Thana. Outpost : Town Out Post Beach Out Post Chowfaldody Out Post ( temporary ) Harbang Out Post Badarkhali River Out PostKalarmarchara Out Post ( temporary ) Matarbari Out Post ( temporary ) Rajakhali Out Post ( Temporary ) Garania Out Post Himchari Out Post Eidgoar Out Post St. Martin Out Post Hoyikong Out Post Investigation Centre : ? Eidgoan IC ? Matamuhuri IC ? Baharchara IC CourtSytem of Cox’s bazaar District : ? Sadar Court (Cox’s bazaar model Thana, Ramu Thana, Ukhia Thana and Teknaf Thana ) ? Chakoria Court ? Moheskhali Thana ? Kutubdia Thana Crime Trendsof Cox’s bazaar District (Police Enlisted,2010) This scenario indicates that Narcotics crime (9. 89%),women repression (7. 76%), Smuggling (4. 64%),Theft ( 3. 4%), Illegal Arms offences ( 2. 61%), Murder ( 2. 57%), causing major threat to police. Burglary (1. 91%), Child Repression (1. 75%), Robbery (1. 01%) are causing medium level threat on public safety. Activities of Cox’s Bazaar District Police: ?Organize Community Police Assembly. ?Spontaneous participation on Change himself Change Other self programme. ?Conducting Tourist Policing service 24hours for the safety of tourist at sea beach. ?Arrange Monthly Crime Conference of Cox’s bazaar District Police ? Organize Rally for social consciousness. ?Conducting the programme on beach cleaning initiative Organize Crime Conference and Exchange View ?Organize Police-People Interaction activities e. g . Cricket Match ? Take action against Narcotics ?Acti on to Protect Forest ?Arresting most wanted Criminals ?Action against illegal Myanmar Citizen (Rohinga Issues) †¢Pushback – 442 per. †¢Arrest – 135 per. †¢Case filed – 26 Police Problems of Cox’s Bazaar District: ?Most of the Outposts & Investigation centers have no own land. ?Most of the Outposts & Investigation centers have no permanent & safe structure. ?Insufficient land of new Police line. ?Vacancy of 81 different post of District Police. Vehicle Shortage. ?Ratio of Police & citizen in Cox`sbazar district is 1 : 3120 ? A countable portion of this strength is involve in Refugee camp, BDR Magazine room, VVIP & VIP Protection, KPI`s security. ?No logistic support to prevent Sea Dacoit. ?Residence facility about nil. Analyzing The Crime Patterns In Coastal Area (Coast Guard & Cox’s Bazaar Perspective): On above discussion now we are in the platform to generalize the crime patterns in this two aspects. I proceed on following way- Due to the environmental factors smuggling is the most common crime in this coastal area.Narcotics crime, women repression, Smuggling ,Theft, Illegal Arms offences ,Murder causes threat on police activity, especially on Cox’s Bazaar. Abduction ,Robbery, Dacoit isn’t so frequent criminal feature of crime in this sea level coastal areas. Drug crimes are expanding due to torrent illicit interest for taking drug. Sea (costal) areas are the potential get-way for smuggling, trafficking, illegal Rohinga trespassing etc. Property related conflict / crime is rare to be seen. The ratio between law enforcement personal and public is very poor.So all forms of crime mainly smuggling, criminal & narcotics trespassing, drug crimes, violent crimes is trend to be high day by day. THE HILLY BANDORBAN DISTRICT GENERAL ORIENTATION OF BANDORBAN DISTRICT: ?Bandarban was established as a separate district on 18 April 1981 combining two sub divisions Bandarban and Lama. ?Geographical information : ?This district is surrounded by Myanmar in southern and eastern side. Rangamati in north, Cox’sbazar and Chittagong in western side. ?Area of District : 4,479. 03 Sq. km. †¢Bandarban Sadar : 501. 99 Sq. km. †¢Roangchhari : 442. 89 Sq. km. †¢Ruma: 616. 42Sq. km. †¢Thanchi : 896. 50 Sq. km. Lama: 671. 84 Sq. km. †¢Alikadam: 885. 78 Sq. km. †¢Naikhangchhari : 463. 61 Sq. km ?Demographical information: (As per census 2001) ?Total Population: 3,00,740 ?Male: 1,63,540 ?Female: 1,37,200 ?Tribal : 1,41,213 ?Non Tribal: 1,59,527 ?Population/Sq.. Km:: 67 ?Bangali: 53% ?Tribal: 47% ?Tribal people information: (As per census 2001) In Bandarban 11 indigenous tribes are living with harmony. They are- TribeTotalPopulation †¢Marma75,880 †¢Morong/Mro28,109 †¢Tripura10,478 †¢Tonchonga 7,030 †¢Bom 8,228 †¢Chakma 5,327 †¢Khumi 1,471 †¢Kheyang 1,823 †¢Chak 2,151 †¢Pankhu 128 †¢Losai 293 ?Administrative Units in formation: Police Circles : 02 †¢Sadar Circle: Bandarban, Ruma, Roangchori, Thanchi. †¢Lama Circle:Lama, Alikadam, Naikhongchari. ?Upazilla: 07 ?Union : 29 ?Municipality: 02 ?Police Station: 07 ?Police Investigation Center: 02 ?Police Outpost: 07 ?Police Camp: 11 ?Region(Army): 01 ?Zone(Army): 03 (Sadar,Ruma, Alikadam) ?Zone(BDR): 02 (Balipara, N. chhari) ?Ansar Battalion : 01 ?Cultural Festival information: ?Rajpunna ( Rajpunna is one kind of fair. Where the king of Bomang circle collect tax from the â€Å"Headman and the Karbari’’, Headman and Karbari collect the tax from their local area. Headman and Karbari selected by Bomang circle king. ` Rajpunna’’ fair commences once a year. ) ? Buddo Purnima ?Baisabi, (Sangrai- Marma, Biju- chakma) ?Cow Killing of Murung ?Political information:(Political parties) ?Awami league ?BNP ?Jammat ?Jatiyo Party ?UPDF (United Peoples Democratic Front. Founded on 26 December 1998. The UPDF is a Manifestation of the strong and serious reservations against the Chittagong Hill tract Accord 2 December 1997. ?PCJSS (Parbatya Chittagram Jana Samhati Samiti. Founded on 24 April 1972 by Manabendra Narayan Larma. Present Presedent Sri Jotindro Bodhy Prio Larma Law and Order Situation Of Bandorban District: The Police Force has sufficient manpower and well equipped with modern arms and ammunitions to keep daily law and order situation under control. ? The Police usually gets cooperation from local Army and BDR to secure arrest of miscreants from the remote hilly areas. ? There are rare incidents of breach of peace and amity between local tribes and Bangalis. Crime Statistics: Of Bandorban District (2005- 2009) Analyzing the Crime Trend Of Bandorban District: ?Despite its landscape, propensity of crime is much less than plain land. ?The tribal populated area is less crime prone than Bangali populated area here. There is hardly any case filed in Thanchi, Ruma and Roangchhari police stations. ?Bangali populated areas like Sadar, Lama, Naikkhongchhari, Alikadam are much crime prone. ?Tribal people commit mostly Alcohol related crimes. ?Property related crimes like Theft, Dacoity etc are less committed here. ?Few incidents of murder occur in remote hilly areas. ?The Crime Statistics indicates that theft & murder causes high risks on public safety. Major focus: ?Kidnapping /Abduction ?Extortion ?Land Dispute ?Conflict between tribe and non tribe ?Illegal entry of foreigners ?Rohinga issue. Special Type of Crime: Though evil activities of so called ‘Shanti Bahini’ is not evident, few terrorists create panic through abducting people. ? Terrorists kidnap such persons for ransom and hide themselves in remote hilly forest. ?Considering the safety of abducted persons the relatives avoid law enforcing agencies and conceal fact. They try to free the abducted by paying the ransom. District Police Efficiency in Crime Combating: ?Ensuring quality of investigation ?Effective court procedure management ?Pro-active approach of policing ?Applying appropriate preventive sections of laws like 151 of Crpc and 107 and 117 ©. Community policing; In Response to — ?Domestic Violence ?Trafficking ?Eve-teasing awareness ?Dowry ?Traffic education ?Drug abuse ?School visit for ensuring education and health care ?Tree plantation ?Preserving forest ?Community awareness ?Fire management ?Preservation of hill. Comparison of the crime pattern of coastal and hill area through Analysis : On the base of critical assessment of coastal (Chittagong & Cox’s Bazaar) and Hilly area (Bandorban) now we note as follows- The crime trend on hilly areas is lower than coastal area. Most prominent crime in coastal areas is smuggling.On the other hand, at hilly area we found abduction & murder are the most affected Crime. The hilly people commit pretty alcohol related crime, sometimes we see property conflict between hilly people & Bengali People but this feature is absent at Cox ’s Bazaar. Roninga issue is common problem in both Cox’s Bazaar and Bandorban. Due to the communication obstacle law enforcement personal have serve more hardship in Bandorban than Cox’s Bazaar. There’s no existence of crime committed by â€Å"Santi Bahini† at Cox’s Bazaar but the criminal activities are done in the name of this â€Å"Santi Bahini† at Bandorban.Overall, Hilly people are more peaceful than Bengali people of coastal area. Limitations Of The Study: Though the visit in these coastal & hilly areas helped us very much to gain empirical and practical knowledge in the field of investigation but to visit it we have faced some problems . The main limitation were- ? We didn’t get enough time on staying for collecting data at a one place. ?We collect all these information from representative administrative side, we’ve no scope to verify our findings at field level. Sometimes police representative personal seems like pay unwillingness in answering some fundamental issues. Conclusion: On visiting both these region we become enriched with the knowledge’s that we didn’t have before. This empirical and practical knowledge’s helps us to analyzes the distinct patterns of crime aspects in academic studies. Bibliography Digital documents material, provide by- ?Coast Guard Authority, Chittagong. ?Cox’s Bazaar Police authority ?Bandorban Police Administration Related internet services.