Linux Networking Capabilities :: Essays Papers

Linux Networking CapabilitiesLinux is a Unix clone written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit group of hackers across the Net. It aims towards POSIX compliance. It has all the features expected in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including unbowed multitasking, virtual entrepot, sh ared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory precaution and TCP/IP networking. It runs mainly on 386/486/586-based PCs, using the tall(prenominal)ware facilities of the 386-processor family to execute these features. Ports to other architectures are underway.Linux is freely available, and no one is required to recital their copies with any central authority, so it is difficult to know how many race use Linux. Several businesses are now surviving solely on selling and supporting Linux, and very few Linux users use those businesses, relatively speaking, and the Linux newsgroups are some of the most heavily read on the internet, so the o ccur is likely in the hundreds of thousands, but hard numbers are hard to come by. Linux FeaturesMultitasking. Several courses running at once.Multiuser. Several users on the aforementioned(prenominal) machine at once. Two-user licenses are not possible.Multiplatform. Runs on many varied CPUs, not just Intel.Multiprocessor. SMP support is available on the Intel and SPARC platforms (with work soon in progress on other platforms), and Linux is used in several(prenominal) loosely-coupled MP applications, including Beowulf trunks and the Fujitsu AP1000+ SPARC-based supercomputer.Runs in protected mode on the 386.Memory trade protection between processes. So that one program brush asidet bring the whole system down.Demand loads executables. Linux only reads from criminal record those parts of a program that are actually used.Shared copy-on-write knaves among executables. This means that multiple process can use the same memory to run in. When one tries to write to that memory , that page (4KB piece of memory) is copied somewhere else. Copy-on-write has two benefits increasing speed and decreasing memory use.Virtual memory using paging (not swapping whole processes) to disk. To a carve up partition or a file in the filesystem, or both, with the hap of adding more swapping areas during runtime. A total of 16 of these 128 MB swapping areas can be used at once, for a theoretical total of 2 GB of useable swap space. It is simple to increase this if necessary, by changing a few lines of source code.Unified memory pool for user programs and disk cache.

Of Mice and Men “Which of the character in of mice and men is the loneliest and why?” Essay

Of mice and hands is the title of John Steinbecks novella the name is inspired by Robert Burnss poem.There was a belief that America was the land of opportunity. In the nineteen hundreds, at that place was gigantic depression in America because there wasnt enough specie around, so hatful couldnt expire jobs with worthy pay. Some mint went around from farm to farm doing temporary ca-ca, they were called ranch fashioners. Due to this privation of money and jobs being temporary, people moved around so practically(prenominal) they were unable to hold intimacys, so many people became very anti social and others developed unusual characteristics.John Steinbeck was a writer who did expedition around ranches and had an creative cerebrateer of what the ranch emotional state was like I cerebrate he wrote the novella not just to show people the lives place in the great depression simply also to buy the farm them an idea of what his individualal experiences had been like. The two main characters in Of Mice and Men be George and Lennie. George is runner introduced as being small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, noticeable features. where as Lennie is described as being Georges opposite his opposite, a broad man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders Lennie is very distinctive for his pup dearie like qualities.During the p position Of Mice and Men George and Lennie go round together inappropriate most others people in there eon. Lennie has a mental damage where he forgets large amounts of the information he is given. This causes him to fox to rely on his instincts. He possesses a child-like characteristic in the way he acts and responds to the feedback others give him. Lennie is a large, powerful man. He and George make up a conceptive friendship and bugger eat up known each(prenominal) other for a long period and entert want to lose each other disrespect the friction that Lennies m emory occasionally causes in conversations.George is a chary psyche and has a powerful friendship with Lennie. He finds that he is some dates isolated from proper conversation when whole with Lennie because of his superior intellect and understanding. George has a need to look subsequently Lennie like a parent payable to Lennies mentality, he was asked by Lennies aunt to look after him when she died. I count he uses this reason as a partial excuse to get across his attachment to Lennie as a friend and parental figure which he needs to determine moderately much secure than those around him who touch off alone. Both Lennie and George need each others friendship and each others ability to pass George provides Lennie with knowledge of what to do and how to survive whereas George has Lennie to protect him from physical attacks as they go around. They also share a hope to accomplish the Ameri sight dream to go An live of the fatta the lan as Lennie states which basically means is to live of the land or farm the crops.I feel that both characters run through developed unusual characteristics to deal with the neglect of people they can rely on and cuss. Lennie has an unusual desire to pet anything thats alive and show it affection. This attachment to his desire causes him to break the rules George sets him to jock himself. I think this form of emotion is propelled by his desire to have happiness and be loved by something that lives. This is fairly ironic as every wildcat he pets he kills due to his strength, which in exhaust creates a void of loneliness in Lennies life.George does not appear to have any huge flaws, he is fairly untrusting as to wherefore people do things and analyses everything hes told. Apart from Lennie, he has no solace and even the trust between him and Lennie cannot give him too much support as Lennie is retarded and attempts to sneak animals around with him. Because they both have each other, they dont feel like the loneliest pe ople in the world. Is something George says to Lennie Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the worldWith us it aint like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. Is what Lennie says after George has done his part of there reputation so all in all I dont view that either George or Lennie are the loneliest characters in Of Mice and Men because they have a friendship that no one else has and can talk between each other to an extent without worrying over consequences.The next person to be properly introduced into the novella is edulcorate, an old man who enters slowly into the room. Candy walks in and has his chase after next to his heel an old sheep dog decrepit of muzzle, and with pale, blind old eyes. The dog struggled lamely to the side of the room and lay down, grunting softly to himself and licking his grizzled, moth-eaten coat. The dog is old and tired and hurts as it moves around later on the dog is shot as it i s of no use to anyone and is in pain whilst its alive. I feel the sheep dog reflects its owners future as Candy grows older, he pass on be no use to any farm and will be kicked out and die due to his lack of money.I personally feel that the dogs qualities are mentioned more than the mans so that you see the man like his dog sharing a crys portentousise of bond similar to George and Lennies. Candy loses his dog the chapter after it is introduced. This dog is an animal that Candy has become extremely attached to and I conceptualize he sees it as an old companion he can always trust to be there. When he looses his dog he looses his friend. Candy knows he is acquiring old and his need in the novella seems sealed and he knows it.When he is of no use and cant do any labor work he will die. Which shows he must have lead a fairly lonely unfulfilled life even by that age standards. I consider Candy to be one of the people who could perchance be seen as the loneliest as he loses his com panion and is sort of an propose of how most ranch workers are doomed to end up end due to loosing there abilities to work. He shows how desperate he is to escape his fate when joining with George and Lennie to try and get enough money to buy some land.The next character to be mentioned in Of mice and Men is Crooks he is a black person who is referred to as a nigger. He is alter and castaway from the society of white people as racism was very strong in those years. He lives in a stable away from everyone else in the novella and has only books for company. The only one who ever enters his room without a purpose is Lennie and when he does Crooks starts off being uneasy about it when more people enter he pretends to be angry but it says It was onerous for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger. I think this suggests he is a decent guy who likes company but doesnt want to appear pale to any of them.Crooks is taken advantage of by Curleys wife a character who appears to everyo ne in the play to be trouble and not worth any of there time. She discriminates Crooks and has power over him because she is the bosses sons wife and they will believe anything she says about him and if that happens he will get kicked off the ranch. Of all of the people to be alone in this novella I believe Crooks is perchance one of the loneliest. Crooks has no one to be friends with, is discriminated against and shown prejudice and is also disabled so he cannot walk or get around easily. I think Crooks represents all people treated poorly because of racism and in a way how black people lived through the depression.The next person to enter into the novella is a fair sexhood whose name is never shown as she is always referred to as Curleys wife, which shows that males are the dominant sex at the time the play is based on. Curleys wife is the only woman within the entire novella she is a very complex woman and shows different people varied personality. She comes into the story fli rting with the group of men she meets to tempt the men for attention and because she is bored. She wears makeup and has red lips and polished nails this suggests she has a lot of spare time. She is considered bad news by the men who are around her because she is the wife of Curley who is the son of the boss and can get anyone kicked off the farm.When alone with Lennie Curleys wife confide in him about her life I dont like Curley. He aint a victorian fella., Coulda been in the movies, an had nice clothes all of them nice clothes like they wear I think that Curleys wife was tricked by a chat up line about the guess of her being in the movies and is fairly naive about the fact he could have been lying. I believe that she thought she was running out of options and time and decided to be with someone who wasnt doing to badly for themselves and went with Curley. I believe this was a bad idea because Curley doesnt have any time to be with her except to make she is being loyal to him and whilst doing this makes everyone try to falsify her so they dont get into trouble with Curley.So Curleys wife doesnt receive much attention apart from when cod the men. She knows she has power over one of the workers especially and threatens Crooks as she knows how easily she can get him into trouble so she uses this power to entertain herself and discriminates him. I think that Curleys wife could be one of the loneliest in the novella as everyone deliberately tries to evade her. Anyone she stays around gets threatened by her conserve that does not spend time with her so she is left alone and since there are no other women around on this farm she is alone and powerless.Curley enters the novella shortly after his wife has and demands someone tell him where she is. I think Curley is a very insecure and aggressive, ignorant person. He is insecure because he is short and uses his strength to fight people who are tall so as to show that he is strong and keep a powerful reputation th is makes him aggressive so the people he works around dont like him. I feel he is ignorant for various reasons he fights to prove he is strong but the only one he is proving this too is himself whilst doing this he scares everyone else away as whoever he does fight will get in trouble and riskiness loosing there job as he is the son of the boss. Curley I dont think is one of the loneliest in the novella as he has a wife and a successful parent to look after him and keep him content in several ways, he has the power to get rid of people he does not like or work against them and he gets respect from his status.Of all of these main characters in the novella I consider Candy and Crooks to be the two loneliest Candy because of the fact he knows how he will soon be useless and the fact he looses his closest companion and Crooks because he is disabled and discriminated against yet seems happy to be around people. I think Crooks also because he is sort of an outcast from a community that is made up from people who are terror-stricken of each other but still able to group up on him when he is around. Both of these characters know they have no future where they are and wont be able to secure anything before death both there fates are sealed with them completely alone opposed all the others thats why I chose them.

Exemplary Leadership

Abstract In army to be a successful attraction, one essential have specific virtues to confine them as effective. This analysis examines how a attracter utilizes validational index number, the magnitude to which the loss leader is constrained by happening factors, how the leader processs with ethical issues, and the leaders close-making style and trance tactics in addition to other characteristics.The leader detailed in this analysis is proven to be effective establish on certain qualities and the expressions he employ to successfully r separately the brass instruments terminal, and motivate the employees to expeditiously meet their subdivision and bring to pass organisational goals. Upon completion of this analysis, it is recommended that a study is done to tax if factors such as age, sex, heritage, etc. contri ande to the type of leader one perplexs. Introduction lead atomic number 18 an essential lay out of every governing. The quality of leaders determine s the success of the organization.There argon exemplary leaders, and there are leaders that tush agree a thing or two. What is a leader? Colquitt, Lepine, and Wesson (2011) define leading as the employment of causality and influence to direct the activities of companions toward goal achievement (p. 451). This analysis will chronicle an exemplary leader that umpteen other leaders jakes learn from. The analysis will assess the leaders use of sources of organizational spot, how the leader is constrained by contingency factors, how the leader makes decisions, his influence tactics, and how ethical issues are dealt with.Context My boss at the project that I accreditedly hold is a prototypical leader and the precedent chosen for this analysis. While studying Management at Howard University, one paper that was constantly visited is what makes a proficient leader. I always wondered where all of my bosses k promptlying their horrible leadership skills from until I crossed path s with my present boss. His kindheartedness, importable nature, and accommodating genius raises the bar for leaders everywhere.The way he interacts with his stave makes them happy to compute dexterously to meet organizations goals above what is expected. These are the behaviors that Colquitt et al states an effective leader achieves. Discussion and Analysis The Use of organizational Power Power is the cleverness to guide the performance of other item-by-items and limit unwanted influence in return (Colquitt et al. , 2011). The authors stated that even if one posses the power to influence, it does non check they can effectively influence.Power is made up of five facets trust outlayy, yield, coercive, expert, and referent. My executive program has the power to request that I perform t deals inside the scope of his authority legitimate, the power to extend specific resources I essential and rewards I want reward, the power to control consequences for adverse behaviors co ercive, the expertise that I depend on to enamour my job done and to grow within the organization expert, and finally he is an individual that Id like to be associated with in the organization referent.He has all five facets of power as described by Colquitt et al. My executive program exercises his rectifys to power in order to serving the organization reach its general goals and non to be seen as a coercive leader. He exercises legitimate power for reasonable requests such as asking me to come in earlier than my scheduled time to attend an authoritative meeting that could solo be scheduled at that time. Notice that he makes reasonable requests, pith that he gives the option to decline if I can non make reasonable accommodations.He exercises reward power by periodically making mention of how he intends to go ab kayoed upcoming performance appraisals. This is developedly a strategic method as he utilizes his reward power to remind me of what he can do, which in turn heig htens the effectiveness of legitimate power as I am more prone to be submissive to his requests in order to receive big(p)er rewards. My supervisory program has been in the marketing field the theme of our department for over fifteen years, which makes him somewhat of an expert, giving him expert power.My supervisor is non a fan of coercive power, as he does not look the film to intimidate because he effectively gets his employees to do what they need to do. He encourages his employees to obtain the results he desires. Overall, my supervisor has a great deal of power. He strategically applies his powers in order to achieve what is most important the organizational goal. As mentioned earlier, he uses his reward and legitimate power concurrently, which is dependable for him and his staff.His expert power has strength in that I try to use it to my advantage to acquire invigorated talents to help me grow in this organization and any future organizations. He is well respected because of his choice to not use coercive power. Contingency Factors There are four contingencies of power, which Colquitt et al tells us are substitutability, telephone exchangeity, perceptiveness, and visibility. My supervisor is insignificantly constrained by substitutability, which is the accomplishment to which people have alternatives in accessing resources. My organization strongly attempts to adhere to budgets previously set for the year. o stick to budgets and discretion is the degree to which managers have the right to make decisions on their own (p. 455). Centrality represents how important a somebodys job is and how many people depend on that person to clear their delegate, and visibility is how aware people are of a leaders powers and position. . He does not have sole control of rewards and resources. As a non-profit, my organization relies heavily on budgets and each broad(prenominal)er manager must adhere to their budgets that must be agreed upon by the chief fiscal officer and chairman.So even with his reward power, there are limitations. His centrality contingency is not a restraint. He has a very important single-valued function in the organization as we rely on him significantly to bring silver into the organization. I personally depend on him for the completion of many of my assignments, as he must approve many of my tasks in the first place it is executed fully. The discretion contingency whitethorn execute as a restraint for my supervisor while he is Vice President of Marketing, the CFO or president must approve many of his big decisions.They can then alteration or re only his decision if they feel it is necessary. The visibility contingency is not necessarily a constraint or helper to my boss. The resources he can provide are not necessarily organizational record but his title makes it known that he is above most employees and under sightly the CFO and president this makes it so he still has relatively high influence. Infl uence Tactics Colquitt et al (2011) defines influence as the use of an actual behavior that causes behavioral or attitudinal changes in others (p. 56) or as Ceasar and earmark (2004) define as Influence tactics are specific types of proactive behavior used to exercise influence. The influence tactics that my boss uses are flip, consultation, quislingism, and ingratiation. One of my supervisors favorite influence tactics is the exchange tactic, which is when an individual extends a reward or resource to the target with the emotional state for them to perform a request (p). This tactic is most common when my supervisor has projects with outsourced associates.If we are compensating someone for their expertise and we need them to start working former to receiving payment, he will construct and send an email stating your payment is on its way, in the meantime please Usually, when I am asked to complete an assignment, I am as well as asked how we should implement it and at that poin t he approves or change it somewhat. This is the consultation tactic, which is when the target me is allowed to participate in deciding how to show out or implement a request (p. 457). He uses the collaboration tactic, which involves making the request easier to complete.He generally provides me with the necessary resources I need to complete the task as well making it simpler so that it is done efficiently and effectively on the first try. innuendo is his favorite tactic to use. Ingratiation is the use of favors, compliments, or friendly behavior to make the target feel better about the influencer (p. 457). He never fails to tell me how awesome I am, or on occasions he would tell me that he does not need to review my work because he trusts me, or explain that he gave me a task because he knew I was smart enough to deal it.Influence tactics are the medium through which managers convert power into behaviors when managers need others to perform tasks or participate in activities, influence tactics serve as a means of facilitating individual cooperation (Ceasar & axerophthol Grant, 2004). The tactics that he uses are effective and he uses them appropriately as well. He also uses personal appeals because in his line of work, he deals with a administrate of international clients.It is beneficial for him to build relationships with people in other industries so that they are readily available to help us when we need them. All in all, the tactics my boss uses results in internalization, which involves getting the target to agree with and become committed to a request (p. 459). Ethical Issues My boss works highly well under intense conditions and with conflicts. Just recently, we joined with a major corporation for a campaign and sought help from a come along certified quicken so that the information we offered would be further validated.Prior to execution of the assignment by the doctor, he let us know that he was not satisfied with the pay and proceeded t o tell the major corporation dishonorable delineates of what we told him were part of the agreement. My boss could have outright denied his claims in the same untamed look that the doctor was exemplifying. Instead, he apologized to the doctor for the misunderstanding and referd his false account to miscommunication. He then asked the doctor what his normal fee was for the task he performed, and he accommodated him accordingly.He then concluded he would never use the doctor again. In this example of an ethical issue, the fault is not of my organization or my boss but that of the doctor. However, my boss handled the short letter in an ethical manner when he could have very well become as wrong as the doctor. I personally respected him for his handling of the government agency, as I know my initial instinct would have been to react a lot differently. Decision-Making Styles Colquitt et al talks about four decision-making styles delegative, facilitative, consultatory, and comman ding.With delegative style, a leader gives an individual employee or a group of employees the responsibility for making the decision within some set of undertake boundary conditions and with facilitative style, the leader presents the riddle to a group of employees and seeks consensus on a solution, making received his or her own opinion receives no more weight than others (p. 488). With a consultative style, the leader present the problem to an individual employees or a group, asking for their opinions and suggestions before making a decision him- or her- self and with bossy style, the leader makes the decision alone (p. 57). My boss uses three of the four decision-making styles as he sees appropriate. For example, he would use the delegative style in a situation where he gives the staff a project. He will provide the specified conditions and then allow us to determine the way we carry out the assignment. He would use the consultative style in a situation where he may want diff erent viewpoints about a decision he has to make to see if he explored all relevant avenues before ultimately making the decision based on his own views.He uses the autocratic style when the decision does not directly affect the team and he needs no further input. Transformational Vs. Transactional Leadership According to Colquitt et al (2011), transformational leadership involves inspiring followers to commit to a shared vision that provides means to their work while also serving as a role model who helps followers develop their own potential and view problems from new perspectives (p. 496). Transactional leadership occurs when the leader rewards or disciplines the follower depending on the adequacy of the followers performance (p. 98). Grant (2012) defines transformational leadership as a central purpose to articulate a vision that focuses employees attention on their contributions to others. He states that this form of leadership motivate employees to perform more effectively. M y boss is a transformational leader. Not only is he great at inspiring his staff to commit to a shared vision, he makes sure that their work is worth their while. He continually asks if our work is sufficient and challenging enough because he does not want us to become bored.In addition, he gives us tasks that may go beyond our duties just to develop us into more of import professionals. He gives us leeway to execute our tasks in a manner that is most comfortable to us while giving his input when we ask or when he sees it is necessary. He does not micro-manage and puts more focus on making us better employees so we can help him with our current skills while learning new skills to be more of a help in the future. Neutralizers Vs. Substitutes Neutralizers, as Colquitt et al (2011) explains, pull down the importance of the leader but have no beneficial tint on performance (p. 05). Substitutes reduce the importance of the leader while providing a direct benefit to employee performanc e. My supervisors effectiveness is rarely affected by substitutes. Because our organization is small, away staff is less likely able to help us because each department has its specialty. Staff could gain experience that will lessen the issue to which they need the managers help but could never gruntle it completely because he is the provider of the tasks. Neutralizers are also minimal. There is task stability, formalization, and spatial distance, but inflexibility is not a factor.For the most part there are tasks that are unchanging and daily and there are written instructions for many of the tasks. Also, all leaders have offices and therefore there is spatial distance. Impact My supervisor has a major impact on performance and commitment in a positive way. His nature and leadership techniques make it so he is a pleasant person to work for. He governs over his employees just enough to make sure the work is done while giving enough space for them to be creative and comfortable. His behaviors definitely influence commitment because it is rare to find a boss of this caliber.Conclusions and Reflections I have always viewed my boss as a great boss. I never had the opportunity to think of why he was such a great boss. This assignment allowed me to do just that. And from my research, I found that my boss has virtually everything that makes a boss a great one from his personality to leadership skills. I have always had the spatial relation that I want to work for myself because most bosses were not very excellent people. While I still desire to work for myself, I would not mind working with a boss like mine and now know that all bosses are not horrible people.I desire to be the exact type of boss that my boss is because his methods are effective. After taking the initiation and consideration assessment, I found that my range for initiating was considered low and the stumble for consideration was considered high. That coincides with the way I think I would le ad. I would direction about more about input from group members and their comfort than world more autocratic as a high initiative score would indicate. I would be interested in further researching if certain characteristics attribute to the sort of boss a person becomes such as gender, race, age, etc.References Colquitt, J. , Lepine, J. , Wesson. M. (2011). Organizational Behavior Improving Performance and commitment in the workplace. New York, NY McGraw-Hill Gardner, W. L. , & Ceasar, D. (2004). Transition to Self-Directed Work Teams Implications of transition time and self-monitoring for managers use of influence tactics. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 25(1), 47-65. Grant, A. M. (2012). Leading with Meaning Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. Academy Of Management Journal, 55(2), 458-476.

Programmed costs

The following definition of terms with corresponding examples result help us fully understand the meaning of be. A equal whitethorn be broadly defined as being the sacrifice required to earn a given object or objective. If appeal argon to be identified with some pertinent building block, such as a department, result line or given amount of service, it is inevitable to determine how be can be expect to behave under different conditions. For example, which be can be expected to remain constant when there argon profits or decreases in the amount of work done?Also, which follows increase as more work is performed? If equals ar to be estimated and controlled properly, it is necessary to know whether or not the exist can be expected to substitute under given conditions and, if so, by what amount. In accounting, fixed costs refer to the costs that do not change in join amount with changes in volume of output or activity over an established or relevant range. Such items a s salary of define of a coiffe superintendent, depreciation, insurance, taxes, and rent usually remain the same ir look uponfulnessive of whether the plant is above or below its normal operating capacity.However, a fixed cost, like any cost, is subject to certain variations. Rent may increase or insurance rates go up, but these changes argon caused by factors independent of the firms operating level. Fixed costs be some ages classified as being either connected costs or programmed costs. Management, in making long-range decisions, may contribute a company to a cost pattern that extends several long time in the future. For example, when a building is acquired, future yrs have to plight the depreciation cost and the related property tax, insurance, repairs, and maintenance.These fixed costs are committed costs. Programmed costs, also referred to as managed costs or discretionary costs, are determined as a part of general management policy. A budget for product research and dev elopment, for example, may be established distributively year or supervisory salaries are set each year by management decisions. These costs are established at a certain fixed amount, but the amount is determined by management. uncertain costs are costs that vary in direct proportion, or in a one-to-one relationship, to changes in productive output or activity.For example, direct material cost is usually a variable cost with each unit manufactured requiring a certain quantity of material. Thus, the materials cost changes in direct proportion to the number of units manufactured. Irrelevant cost is a cost that will not be changed by a decision. Because an impertinent cost will not be affected, it may be cut in the decision-making process. The cost may be variable cost or a fixed cost . The important point is that the cost is not changed by the decision.If the decision involves the production of more units of product, variable are change magnitude and are not irrelevant costs. On the other hand, if no change in productive output or hours of activity is involved in the decision, the variable cost may not be affected, in which chance they are disregarded with respect to the decision. costs can also be classified as being direct or indirect with respect to an activity, a department, or a product. The distinction depends upon whether or not the cost can be identified with the activity or other relevant unit without allocation.A cost such as the plant superintendents salary can be readily identified with the plant and thus is a direct cost of the plant. However, it is an indirect cost of any department within the plant or of any line of product manufactured. The plant superintendents salary cannot be identified with any unit within the plant except by allocation. A sink cost is a cost that has already been incurred in the past whose total will not be affected by any decision make now or in the future.Example, an individual may regret having do a purchase but, after the purchase have been made, cannot avoid the cost by taking subsequent action. Perhaps the property can be sold, in which case the cost of the property is matched against the proceeds from the sale in the determination of gain or loss. Or the person may judge to keep the property, in which case the cost is matched against revenue over the time that it is used in operations. In any event, the cost has been incurred and cannot be avoided.It is sunk cost with respect to present and future decisions. Another important reflection of cost to be considered is the distinction between cost that can be controlled by a given person and those that cannot be controlled by that person. Cost are incurred upon the authorization of some member of the management group. If a music director is responsible for a given cost, that cost is give tongue to to be controllable with respect to that person. If the manager does not authorize that cost, the cost is uncontrollable with respect to that manager.For example, top management can increase or decrease executive director salaries and can initiate or abandon major projects. At ordinary or at lower management levels, such cost are beyond their authority and are uncontrollable. Costs that can be authorise at a certain managerial level are said to be controllable at that level. REFERENCES Blocher, E et al. (2005). Cost Management A strategic emphasis. Boston Mcgraw-Hill/ Irwin. Edmonds Tet al. (2006). Fundamental managerial accounting concepts. (3rd ed). refreshing York Mcgraw-Hill/ Irwin.

Research the German Car Industry †BMW Essay

Within this dossier I am sacking to research the German railway gondola Industry, firstly I am deprivation to make a little background level to Ger umpteen, so Berlin where the individual entrust be based to decease for BMW. Then finally I will enounce the soulfulness about BMW, their history and his/hers piece in state of state of wardly the fraternity.I have decided to use a 50/50 approach to this dossier by this I mean 50% will be on the country i.e. Germany and Berlin and 50% will be on the company. I have chosen this because I feel, and will explain throughout this spell of move that it is very all important(p) to k straight off the ways and the customs of a country as well as the industry in which you ar going to work. I will try through this piece of work to help the person settle in quicker and be thriving of his/her surroundings. If some peerless feels happy in his/her surroundings then this should spread into his/hers work invigoration and by focusing to a greater extent on the country I feel this could incur quicker than usual.About GermanyPopulation82,057,000Size357,021 kmAdjacent countriesAustria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, SwitzerlandHighest pointZugspitze (2,962 m) 31% of the country is covered with forestscoastal line2,389 kmLife expectancy77 years (Men 73 years Women 80 years)System of governmentThe Federal Republic of Germany is a democracy with a liberal free-market economy, freedom of religion and freedom of the press. Germany is a member of the European Union (EU).CapitalBerlin (3.47 billion inhabitants)16 States in the Federal RepublicBaden-Wrttemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Mecklenburg- westbo undern Pomerania, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, ThuringiaRailway system43,966 kmFreeways and roads633,000 kmBicycle tracks40,000 kmFederal and national waterw ays10,000 kmSea water routes23,000 kmTime zoneIn Germany, fil aree are set to Central European time. From the finale of March to the end of October (summertime) they are put forward one hour.(Source German tourist office) miserlinessOverviewAfter the fall of the Berlin Wall, progress towards economic integration between eastern and western Germany is cl first visible, yet the eastern region almost for certain will remain dependent on subsidies funded by western Germany until many years to come. The staggering $390 one thousand thousand in western German assist that the eastern states have original since 1990 40 propagation the amount in real terms of US Marshall Fund aid send to West Germany afterwards land War II is just anatomy 1 to have an impact on the eastern German standard of living, which plummeted after unification. Assistance to the east continues to run at roughly $100 billion annually. Although the growth rate in the east was much greater than in the west, it will take 10-15 years for the eastern states to match western Germanys living standards.The economic recovery in the east is led by the construction industries which vizor for one-third of industrial output, with growth increasingly back up by the service sectors and light manufacturing industries. Eastern Germanys economy is changing from one anchored on manufacturing to a more service-oriented economy. Western Germany, with three times the per capita output of the eastern states, has an advanced market economy and is a realness leader in exports.The strong recovery in 1994 from recession began in the export sector and spread to the investment and consumption sectors in chemical reaction to falling interest rates. Western Germany has a highly urbanized and experient population that enjoys excellent living standards, abundant leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. It is relatively poor in natural resources, coal creation the most important mineral. Wes tern Germanys introduction-class companies manufacture technologically advanced rights. The regions economy is mature services and manufacturing account for the dominant share of economic activities, and raw materials and semi manufactured goods wee-wee a large portion of imports.Read more Swot abstract of BMWCurrent Issues in Germanyshortly, Germany is facing post reunification economic problems caused by a number of factors including the flow of refugees into Germany, the flow of East Germans leaving to West Germany, and the poor economic conditions left in East Germany by the Communists. In the East, the unemployment rate remains at about 18%, despite efforts to commence it. Within the political arena Germany remain to be one of the fieriest opponents to the war on Iraq and diplomatic relations between themselves and the regular army and Britain and have whip a low point, but given time and talking these issues will be resolved.Germany has changed a lot since the end of th e Second World War. This is a country that lay in ruins, the majority of its infrastructure was destroyed, millions of its citizens were killed and its economy was in tatters. However nowadays nearly 60 years after the war Germany brought itself back into world economics.Germany remains to be one of the main players in global economics, its many industries i.e. the railroad car industry have lifted it from the depths of recession to become a strong economy.About BerlinLocated in the northeastern United States of Germany and with a population of 3.5million, one third is covered by woodland, set and waterways.Despite efforts to become a city of the future, Berlin has also made both effort to preserve its history. Berlin is home to the largest construction project Europe has seen since World War II, the city is redefining itself.The construction of the Berlin Wall on Aug 13, 1961 set the revenue stamp on the citys division and separated its people.The city celebrate on Nov 9, 198 9 when the Berlin Wall was torn down. After the reunification in 1990 Berlin became antechamber of the Federal Government, which held its first plenary session in the redesigned Reichstag on Apr 19, 1999. The Reichstag with its sm craft glass dome became an attraction for both(prenominal) Berliners and tourists from all over the world. The spic-and-span millennium was celebrated with a magnificent party at the Brandenburg Tor. A lot has changed in Berlin since then. And Berlin will keep changing.MuseumsBerlins museums present art working of international appreciation. More than 170 museums invite to see collections of the world culture such as the Pergamonaltar or the bust of Nofretete, painting works from Giotto and Breughel over Caspar David Friedrich and Picasso to contemporary artists. Spectacular new buildings equal the Filmmuseum or the Jewish Museum and the reopening of great museums like the Old National Gallery enhance the absorbing range of Berlins museums.Nightlife Night owls with stamina locoweed also give their undivided attention to the interesting range of pubs roughly Savignyplatz in Charlottenburg. The firmament consists of a great number of restaurants and bars where everyone can meet the stars of television or Berlins culture and political scene. Here is the melting set that combines symbolically the former west and the new centre to a benevolent construction.Especially the younger crowd is attracted to the Pariser Strae. At this location you will decree taverns, bars, American diners, Mexican restaurants and very modern and stylish discos. During the summer life concentrates on the street in form of many chairs and tables that invite us to rest. In the middle of this street the well-maintained Ludwigkirchplatz with its rich areas of green providing a restful shadow is located.For someone who is going to live in a funny country it is important if they make themselves aware of certain customs at heart that country or a certain part of the country i.e. headping in a restaurant the bill you receive at a hotel, restaurant, coffeehouse or bar often take ons a service charge already. A tip is an indication of your satisfaction 5% is average, whereas 10% indicates exceptional service. Tip taxi drivers about 5%, and porters and others who assist you with baggage one Euro per item.Berlin is one of the liveliest capitals in the world it has huge volumes of history attached to itGerman gondola car IndustryGermany is the birthplace of the automobile in 1887 Karl Benz designed a mold fitted with an internal combustion engine, and the modern car was born. In 1901 Germany was already producing 900 cars a year today the total is as high as 10 million. The industry employs about 1.26 million people, and over half of all the cars produced in Germany are exported. Today Daimler-Chrysler, the result of the merger between Daimler-Benz, Germanys largest manufacturing businesss of cars, and the American Chrysler Corpora tion, is the third largest car manufacturer in the world.The names of the car companies tell interesting, often personal stories. For example, when August Horch designed his first car, other car manufacturer operated under Horchs name, so he was forced to figure a new name for his company. He selected the Latinised version of the German intelligence information Horch, listen, and came up with Audi. Mercedes was originally the name of an early Daimler sports car it was named after a clients daughter.The car industry has remained one of the pillars of the German economy. Currently about 1.26 million people are employed in the car industry. In 1998 5.73 million cars were produced and 3.27 million of these were exported. Daimler-Benz is the largest of the three major players, Volkswagen being the endorsement and BMW the third.The car industry is, however, facing the biggest changes since the introduction of mass action. With ever changing markets and fluctuate economies mass deed in the old sense may be on its way out. railcars that are not interchange chop-chop turn into huge losses for their company. This may be avoided by introducing more flexible production systems. The idea is to produce cars according to guests wishes and, more importantly, when they want to buy them. This idea is based on BTO (reinforced-to-order) systems.In Germany about 60% of cars are built according to orders placed at present or indirectly with the factory. The next step, mass customisation, would suit both customer and manufacturer. The problem is to develop a production system that can set quickly to a changing demand and supply at a lower cost. Together with American and Japanese car makers Volkswagen is involved in the so-called 3DayCar project which tries to apply the mass customisation homunculus initiated by the data put to workor manufacturer DELL to the car industry. Considering the size of German car manufacturers like Volkswagen and Daimler-Benz, these new pr oduction methods may mean major changes on a huge scale.Another change is the increasing size of car manufacturers. The tailfin leading corporations worldwide are General Motors, Ford, DaimlerChrysler, Toyota and Volkswagen. The worldwide overproduction of cars and fluctuating markets has meant that all five have been involved in a number of acquisitions and mergers in order to consolidate their position as global players. DaimlerChrysler is now said to be interested in Mitsubishi Motors and Volkswagen in BMW.German Car Exports to IrelandIn the year 2000 about 25% of all new cars bought in Ireland were of a German brand. (55.160 vehicles). The largest number of imports, 37 700 cars, were by Volkswagen.BMWBMW, which stands for Bayerische Motoren-Werke, started off as a manufacturer of aircraft engines. After the First World War the production of these engines was forbidden by the Peace Treaty of Versailles. BMW therefore began to manufacture get cycles. Later on BMW bought a compa ny which was licensed to produce a car called Dixi. The cars sold very well despite the economic downturn of the late 1920s and when the licence expired BMW started designing their own models. The company began building six cylinder cars and sporting models. With every new model BMW introduced went a sporting model since taking part and winning races was the lift out publicity a car manufacturer could get.During the war the company received large orders to build aircraft engines. Because of its contribution to the arms industry of the 1930s and 40s the BMW figurets were out(p) from production for three years after the Second World War. ii of the companys plants, in Berlin and Eisenach, were in the Russian sector and posterior were nationalised by the East German government. The factory in Munich remained, but since it had and produced ride cycles car production did not start until 1951.For a temporary hookup the company tried to both mass-produce as well as develop prestigi ous models which put it under dish outable financial strain. In 1959 BMW nearly went bankrupt but managed to keep going. Between 1955 and 1962 the company produced Isetta cars under licence. This led BMW to work with Italian designers which proved to be very favored for the company. A major reorganisation of the company took place in the early Sixties under the auspices of major shareholder Herbert Quandt. The success of these changes allowed BMW to built bigger cars and offer a more comprehensive range in the following years.In todays competitive markets the quality of the marketing and advertising of a product is just as important as the quality of the product itself. An example of this is the latest advertising campaign by BMW in the US. Instead of TV and cinema ads BMW financed five short films which can be viewed on the internet.The films are made by internationally celebrated directors and are part of a series called The Hire. All films feature a chauffeur and his car, a B MW. Guy Ritchies film, the first of the series, stars Madonna and was an neighboring(a) success. Since the start of the US campaign three months ago (May 2001) six million people have viewed the films and BMW is now considering a similar project in Germany. Surveys showed that most potential customers are far more likely to crop the internet than to look at TV or magazine ads. The campaign, which is representative for so-called Image-Advertising, indicates that the perception of a car is nowadays as important as the actual product, if not more so. (www.goethe.de)BMW separate worldwide delegation statement isTo be the most successful premium manufacturer in the industry.What is BMW (GB) Ltds turnover?19961,239,00019971,400,00019981,478,00019991,580,00020001,511,00020011,966,00020022,350,000(Source www.bmw.com)BMW (Bavarian Motor Works) began life as a manufacturer of aircraft engines during World War I when it built a reputation of reliability and excellence.In 1923, BMW built its first movecycle and in 1928, its first elevator car a version of the Austin Seven built under licence. deed Range.With a workforce of approximately 2,700 employees, the Berlin Plant builds up to 400 motorcycles of the R, K and F Series a day. Also manufacturing camshafts, brake discs and track ascendency arms for BMWs various car models, the Berlin Plant is an important provider for other locations within the BMW production network.Human resource policyThe gracious factor is the No. 1 criterion in determining a companys relative success. Accordingly, we see our thinks not as a cost factor, but instead as an essential performance factor. This is especially true because any gentlemans gentleman resources policy that is not oriented towards the associate will always lead to negative cost effects in the long run, thus proving uneconomical.As a future-oriented company, we seek to pursue an exemplary, fictive and associate-oriented human resources policy, making significant co ntributions to business success through our human resources activities. The human resources policy of the BMW Group is an integral feature of our overall corporal policy in both strategic and operative decisions.What are the BMW Group brands?BMWThe BMW brand stands for one thing sheer driving pleasure. Sporting and dynamical performance combined with superb design and exclusive qualityminiThe MINI brand wins hearts and turns heads. MINI is part of a life-style that is cosmopolitan and confident, ready for everything.Rolls-RoyceUncompromising concentration on quality is a matter of course. The Rolls-Royce fascinates through unique solutions in detailBMW Ltd applies plectron processes for both internal and external applicants which ensure the conflict of the highest quality module.Special selection events are designed to give applicants every opportunity to demonstrate their skills and abilities in a variety of relevant activities and to find as much as they can about the organ isation and the role they are applying for.BMW Ltd actively encourages its employees in the development of their careersGenerally, vacancies will be advertised internally and wherever possible a current member of staff will be recruited into a position. Only if an internal appointment is not possible will BMW consider external recruitment.BMW Ltd operates an equal opportunity policyBMW Ltd offers all employees (Head Office and school principal Network) the practical support, advice and schooling opportunities to encourage personal development, aligned to the achievement of in incorporatedd objectives.The BMW Centre for Development team helps employees to select and undergo the most countenance training programme for their needs. Requirement is assessed annually during the appraisal processManagers are expected to interact regularly with their team and this process is formalised through Portfolio where managers and employees review performance together every November cover vers ion the following areas* canvass of performance against agreed objectives* Establishing objectives for the forthcoming 12 months* Identification of individual training and development needsPlanning actions to build on strengths address weaknesses and plan career development.BMW offer an extensive induction programme which includes one or two days where the person is allowed to talk to fellow workmates on an on the loose(p) basis. New workers are put into groups and set a task i.e. finding certain places within the factory. They are also assigned a instruct for 12 months this is so if they have any problems they can go to this person and hopefully they can sort it out, usually the new worker doesnt use the mentor for 12 months its normally for the first month or so.BMW Ltd applies selection processes for both internal and external applicants which ensure the appointment of the highest quality staff.Special selection events are designed to give applicants every opportunity to demo nstrate their skills and abilities in a variety of relevant activities and to learn as much as they can about the organisation and the role they are applying for.BMW Ltd actively encourages its employees in the development of their careersBMW Ltd offers all employees (Head Office and lead Network) the practical support, advice and training opportunities to encourage personal development, aligned to the achievement of corporate objectives.The BMW Centre for Development team helps employees to select and undergo the most tolerate training programme for their needs. Requirement is assessed annually during the appraisal process.Courses available to staff includeManagementSalesAfter salesTechnical head teacher ServiceManagers are expected to interact regularly with their team and this process is formalised through Portfolio where managers and employees review performance together every November covering the following areasToday BMW has various production plants in Germany, Austria, Sou th Africa and the USA as well as sales offices in Asia and Mexico. Apart from cars and motor cycles the group is involved in the production of aircraft engines. Cars, however, account for nearly 75% of the companys sales. Companys operations also include software (softlab GmbH).Due to recent changes in the car industry there has been speculation about a possible merger between BMW and another car manufacturer, but the Quandt family who owns about half of the BMW shares has downplayed such speculation. In the startle of 1994 BMW bought 80% of the shares in the Rover Group. The company later on sold Land Rover to Ford and Rover Cars to Phoenix Consortium. BMW is known for its production of passenger and Formula 1 cars as well as motor cycles. In the year 2000, BMW sold 830 000 cars, 74 000 motor cycles and employed 93 000 people.BMW are and will continue to be one of the largest car manufactures in the world, producing top of the range vehicles for years to come and being a course c redit to Germany is what BMW is all about.Bibliographywww.goethe.deexcellent site provides very good history on the car industry within germany and also that of bmwwww.btm.deAnother very good website, very helpful, will post out brochures to you about germany and getting around Berlin. Would be very good to a person who has never visited germanywww.germanytouristoffice.deA good site offering details on accomdation within Germany, although does insufficiency in the fact that it could be more helpful with regards to providing maps etc of germanywww.guardian.co.ukProvides good history articles on various car manufacteurs in germanywww.geographic.orgProvides excellent maps first of Germany then of Berlin, its different regions etc.www.aboutgermany.orgGood website providing information on different festivals that happen in Berlin, also features tips on how to live to in GermanyDossier German Car Industry

The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse EPILOGUE – CHOICE

JACOBBLACKJacob, do you theorize this is going to take withal practically longer? Leah demanded. Impatient. Whiney.My teeth clenched together. give wish well whatever star in the pack, Leah knew everything. She knew wherefore I came here to the very edge of the earth and sky and sea. To be alone. She knew that this was all I treasured. Just to be alone. scarce Leah was going to persuasiveness her company on me, anyway.Besides being crazy annoyed, I did retrieve smug for a brief second. Because I didnt even pick kayoed to think almost controlling my temper. It was easy now, something I just did, natural. The red fog didnt wash everyplace my eye. The heat didnt shiver piling my spine. My voice was steady d deliver when I answered.Jump off a cliff, Leah. I pointed to the one at my feet.Really, kid. She ignored me, throwing herself into a sprawl on the ground next to me. You devour no idea how hard this is for me.For you? It took me a minute to believe she was serious. You rent to be the most self-absorbed person alive, Leah. Id hate to shatter the stargaze world you livein the one where the sun is or frosty the place where you stand so I wont key you how little I care what your problem is. Go. Away.Just air at this from my perspective for a minute, okay? she continued as if I hadnt said anything.If she was analyzeing to break my mood, it worked. I started laughing. The just hurt in strange ways.Stop snorting and pay attention, she snapped.If I pretend to listen, leave alone you leave? I asked, glancing over at the permanent frown on her face. I wasnt certainly if she had any other expressions any more than.I remembered back to when I used to think that Leah was pretty, maybe even beautiful. That was a long date ago. No one estimation of her that way now. Except for surface-to-air missile. He was never going to forgive himself. Like it was his fault that shed turned into this bitter harpy.Her scowl heated up, as if she could guess w hat I was thinking. Probably could.This is making me sick, Jacob. nooky you imagine what this feels deal to me? I dont even corresponding Bella Swan. And youve got me grieving over this leech-lover like Im in love with her, too. Can you see where that might be a little confusing? I dreamed ab push finished gorgerin her last night What the hell am I supposed to do with that?Do I care?I cant stand being in your head anymore Get over her al watchy Shes going to draw that thing. Hes going to try to change her into one of them Time to move on, boy. debar up, I growled.It would be wrong to strike back. I knew that. I was biting my tongue. But shed be sorry if she didnt walk away. Now.Hell probably just efface her anyway, Leah said. Sneering. All the stories say that happens more often than non. Maybe a funeral result be better closure than a wedding. Ha.This time I had to work. I closed my eyes and fought the hot taste in my m bulgeh. I pushed and shoved against the sailplaning of fire down in the mouth my back, w occupyling to keep my shape together bit my body tried to shake apart.When I was in control again, I glowered at her. She was watching my hands as the tremors slowed. Smiling. well-nigh joke.If youre upset about gender confusion, Leah . . . , I said. Slow, emphasizing each word. How do you think the rest of us like looking at Sam through your eyes? Its bad seemly that Emily has to deal with your fixation. She doesnt need us guys panting later on him, too.Pissed as I was, I still felt unrighteous when I watched the spasm of distress shoot across her face.She scrambled to her feet pausing whole to spit in my direction and ran for the trees, vibrating like a tuning fork.I laughed darkly. You missed.Sam was going to give me hell for that, precisely it was worth it. Leah wouldnt rag me anymore. And Id do it again if I had the chance.Because her quarrel were still there, scratching themselves into my brain, the pain of it so strong that I c ould hardly breathe.It didnt matter so much that Bellad chosen someone else over me. That hurt was nothing at all. That agony I could live with for the rest of my stupid, too long, stretched-out life.But it did matter that she was broad up everything that she was letting her heart split and her skin ice over and her mind twist into some crystallized predators head. A monster. A stranger.I would comport thought there was nothing worse than that, nothing more painful in the whole world.But, if he wipe outed her . . .Again, I had to fight the rage. Maybe, if not for Leah, it would be good to let the heat change me into a prick who could deal with it better. A creature with instincts so much stronger than human emotions. An brute who couldnt feel pain in the same way. A different pain. Some variety, at least. But Leah was digestning now, and I didnt want to share her thoughts. I cussed her under my breath for taking away that escape, too.My hands were quiver in spite of me. W hat shook them? Anger? Agony? I wasnt sure what I was fightingnow.I had to believe that Bella would survive. But that required trust a trust I didnt want to feel, a trust in that bloodsuckers magnate to keep her alive.She would be different, and I wondered how that would affect me. Would it be the same as if she had died, to see her standing there like a stone? Like ice? When her scent burned in my nostrils and triggered the instinct to rip, to tear . . . How would that be? Could I want to kill her? Could I not want to kill one of them?I watched the swells roll toward the beach. They disappeared from sight under the edge of the cliff, just I heard them beat against the sand. I watched them until it was late, long after dark. going home was probably a bad idea. But I was hungry, and I couldnt think of another plan.I made a face as I pulled my arm through the retarded sling and grabbed my crutches. If only Charlie hadnt seen me that mean solar day and spread the word of my motorcy cle accident. Stupid props. I hated them. acquittance hungry started to look better when I walked in the house and got a look at my dads face. He had something on his mind. It was easy to tell he always overdid it. Acted all casual.He also talked too much. He was digressive about his day before I could get to the table. He never jabbered like this unless there was something that he didnt want to say. I ignored him as best I could, concentrating on the food. The faster I choked it down . . . . . . and Sue stopped by today. My dads voice was loud. Hard to ignore. As always. dread(a) woman. Shes tougher than grizzlies, that one. I dont know how she deals with that daughter of hers, though. Now Sue, she would experience made one hell of a wolf. Leahs more of a wolverine. He chuckled at his own joke.He waited briefly for my response, but didnt seem to see my blank, bored-out-of-my-mind expression. Most geezerhood that bugged him. I wished he would shut up about Leah. I was trying no t to think about her.Seths a lot easier. Of course, you were easier than your sisters, too, until . . . well, you have more to deal with than they did.I sighed, long and deep, and stared out the window.Billy was tranquility for a second too long. We got a letter today.I could tell that this was the subject hed been avoiding.A letter?A . . . wedding invitation.Every ponderousness in my body locked into place. A feather of heat seemed to brush down my back. I held onto the table to keep my hands steady.Billy went on like he hadnt noticed. at that places a note inside thats addressed to you. I didnt read it.He pulled a thick ivory envelope from where it was wedged surrounded by his leg and the side of his wheelchair. He laid it on the table mingled with us.You probably dont need to read it. Doesnt really matter what it says.Stupid prohibit psychology. I yanked the envelope off the table.It was some heavy, stiff paper. Expensive. Too determine for Forks. The card inside was the sa me, too done- up and spend a pennyal. Bellad had nothing to do with this. There was no sign of her personal taste in the layers of see- through, petal-printed pages. Id bet she didnt like it at all. I didnt read the words, not even to see the date. I didnt care.There was a piece of the thick ivory paper folded inhalf with my stir handwritten in black ink on the back. I didnt realize the handwriting, but it was as fancy as the rest of it. For half a second, I wondered if the bloodsucker was into gloating.I flipped it open.Jacob,Im breaking the rules by sending you this. She was agoraphobic of hurting you, and she didnt want tomake you feel obligated in any way. But I know that, if things had gone the other way, I would havewanted the choice.I promise I will take care of her, Jacob. Thank you for her for everything.EdwardJake, we only have the one table, Billy said. He was staring at my left hand.My fingers were clamped down on the wood hard enough that it really was in danger. I loosened them one by one, concentrating on that action alone, and then clenched my hands together so I couldnt break anything.Yeah, doesnt matter anyway, Billy muttered.I got up from the table, shrugging out of my island of Jersey as I stood. Hopefully Leah had gone home by now.not too late, Billy mumbled as I punched the front door out of my way.I was tally before I hit the trees, my clothes strewn out behind me like a trail of crumbs as if I wanted to find my way back. It was almost too easy now to phase. I didnt have to think. My body already knew where I was going and, before I asked it to, it gave me what I wanted.I had four legs now, and I was flying.The trees blurred into a sea of black flowing around me. My muscles bunched and released in an effortless rhythm. I could run like this for days and I would not be tired. Maybe, this time, I wouldnt stop.But I wasnt alone.So sorry, Embry whispered in my head.I could see through his eyes. He was farther away, to the north, b ut he had wheeled around and was rush to join me. I growled and pushed myself faster.Wait for us, Quil complained. He was closer, just starting out from the village.Leave me alone, I snarled.I could feel their worry in my head, try hard as I might to drown it in the sound of the wind and the forest. This was what I hated most seeing myself through their eyes, worse now that their eyes were full of pity. They saw the hate, but they kept running after me.A new voice sounded in my head.Let him go. Sams thought was soft, but still an order. Embry and Quil slowed to a walk.If only I could stop hearing, stop seeing what they saw. My head was so crowded, but the only way to be alone again was to be human, and I couldnt stand the pain.Phase back, Sam directed them. Ill pick you up, Embry.First one, then another awareness washed-out into silence. Only Sam was left.Thank you, I managed to think.Come home when you can. The words were faint, trailing off into blank emptiness as he left, too. And I was alone.So much better. Now I could hear the faint abstract of the matted leaves beneath my toenails, the whisper of an owls wings above me, the ocean far, far in the west moaning against the beach. Hear this, and nothing more. Feel nothing but speed, nothing but the pull of muscle, sinew, and bone, working together in concordance as the miles disappeared behind me.If the silence in my head lasted, I would never go back. I wouldnt be the first one to choose this form over the other. Maybe, if I ran far enough away, I would never have to hear again. . . .I pushed my legs faster, letting Jacob Black disappear behind me.

Delivering Business Value with It at Hefty Hardware Essay

IT lever is defined as the worth or pizzaz of a thing. It is a subjective assessment. The value of IT depends very much on how a business and its individual managers choose to view it. Strategic positioning, increase productivity, improved decision making, cost savings, or improved service be all ways value could be defined. It is tied to the musical arrangements business model because adding value with IT should enable a firm to do it business better. One company sees value resulting from all parts of the organization having the same processes another defines value by return on investiture (ROI) still another measures t by a composite of appoint performance indicators. IT value proposition is that everyone involved in an IT initiative stand for on what value they are trying to deliver and how they will recognise it. IT Value is a function of people, process, and applied science.The Three Components of the IT Value Proposition Identification- blot and evaluate opportunities . Conversion- Transformation of ideas and opportunities into IT value propositions and creating IT value. Realization- Deliver value and ensure that technology is widely accepted Best Practices in Identifying Potential Value voice business-IT structure. Compare value across go fors. Utilize a portfolio approach to project selection/prioritization. Establish a funding mechanism for infrastructure. Conversion managerial issues with Conversion More projects than resources Insufficient time to complete all projects short-staffed technical/business resources significant business process redesign may be required for implementation of IT.IT value creation can be successfully made by Excellent project management sound execution (e.g. change management) Reliable IT operations Best Practices in Realizing Value Measure outcomes against expected results.Does Expected Value = Actual Value? send off a value-realization phase for all IT projects Look for and eliminate root causes of problems tax value realization at all levels in the organization make up provision for acting on new opportunities.

Health Psychology Essay

Health psychology concerns itself with understanding fashion, biology and cordial context and their influences on illness and cureth. Health psychologists work with professionals in clinical argonas and also conduct research as well as tutor in universities. Health psychology aims at changing the wellness behavior of separates to help them maintain optimum health and swear off long-sufferings in adhering to intercession regimens. trammel to medical regimens and shorter hospitalizations are indicators of effective health services.Health psychologists mapping cognitive behavior therapy and analysis of applied behavior to achieve this. reciprocation The tariff list is composed of activities that are aimed at improving the adit of services to forbearings and also to improve the overall healthcare of forbearings. In grant of duties to the various health professionals some health psychologists ordain receive more(prenominal) than adept job on the list. This is bec ause of some of the duties which are tight associate do it more reasonable for these duties to be carried divulge by unitary person.The list however has very m each activities which if work load is considered institutes it infallible to down a fifth job prenomen. The fifth job title would be a communion skills counselor. The duties exit past be allocated as follows, the perfume sophisticate counselor lead be responsible for arrange the use of recovery programs and structured programs for import. He/she go forth be running(a) in conjunction with the social worker. The rationale behind this assignment is that the spunk evil counselor is the person most appropriate for dealing with inwardness abusers in assisting them to get rehabilitated.The nature of depicted object abuse is such that it has social and psychological components to it so the collaborationism between the cognitive content abuse counsellor and the social worker is necessary. The longanimous l oad in substance abuse programs is high because of the intensive nature of behavioural change programs that are utilise, therefore the substance abuse counsellor will moreover feed this duty assigned to them. The convict-only psychologist will be assigned to the duty of providing treatment for inveterate pain. The psychologist will be performing this duty only.This will be because of the gargantuan number of patients who shake off chronic pain. Managing these patients adequately means that the psychologist may not nominate enough quantify to attend to separate duties. The baby bird psychologist has devil duties assigned to them. These are providing psychological preparation methods for barbarianren prior to medical procedures and collaboration with local schools. These are two duties which are closely related. By existence involved with local schools the psychologist will already be familiar to the children making it easier for them to get children to cooperate when i n the hospital.The liberal psychologist will have the duty of providing psychological preparation methods for the prominents prior to medical procedures and surgery. The workload for this psychologist is expected to be high since most of the patients are adults, hence the adult psychologist will only have this duty. The fifth job is that of communications counsellor, who will be carrying out duties of utilizing various methods to facilitate adjustment and coping skills amongst the patients. This psychologist will also have the role of diagnosing pains disorders and providing aid in stress simpleness interventions.The rationale behind this assignment is that the two duties are also closely related. The effect of despicable adjustment to a condition and inability is frequently stress (Broome, Llewelyn and Llewelyn, 1994). Some eons the relationship is vice versa, with high stress levels make poor adjustment to ones condition (Lyons and Chamberlain, 2006 ). The substance abuse c ounsellor will contribute to improved patient healthcare by provision of services geared towards behavior change that will alter the patient to be completely rehabilitated.The HBM (Health Behaviour Model) proposes that behavior change occurs when an individual perceives that the benefits of behavior change outweigh the costs or barriers that are associated with the behavior. (Friedman and Silver, ). The substance abuse counsellor will use such a place to predict the possibility of behavior change for the substance abuser. The usefulness of the HBM has been seen in its predictive value of whether individuals will adopt behavior such as safe-sex practices, breast self-examination and exercise (Friedman and Silver, ).The substance abuse counsellor will use cognitive behavioral therapy to educate substance abusers about the strike to steer clear of drugs. Those with alcohol and other drug addiction problems will be helped to lay problems and behaviors that are related to their subst ance abuse. This will frequently be done in a group setting and on occasion on an individual basis (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008). Group settings are used mainly because many people get hold encouraged by the feature that they are not alone in the addiction problem.Other activities that the substance counsellor will be involved in accept assisting family members to do with the addictions of their spouses, children or siblings. Since health psychology places emphasis on barroom of illness,the substance counsellor will have the responsibility of initiating, planning and conducting programs which are aimed at the pr unconstipatedtion of addictions. This will help in the achievement of overall demote health since it is often easier to prevent a condition rather than to remediation it. The rehabilitation process for drug addicts has been known to be a grueling with many of them falling off the wagon.Thus a lot of time and patience is required, making prevention the bette r option. The emphasis on prevention is aimed at reducing the number of patients who will need to use substance abuse programs and also at reducing the rate of relapse. This contributes to decreased tick at the hospital. The child psychologist has a role of helping children to respond to the mendelevium in a positive and cooperative manner at the time when a procedure is creation done. This will involves the use of methods that allay the fears and anxieties of the child, such as providing distractions.The counsellor will also explain to a child who is old enough to understand the nature of the procedure they will allow and what to expect in language that they can understand. The child counsellor will also have the responsibility of identifying cases of child abuse and other problems in the family that may hinder proper child development (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006). In addition, it is the role of the child psychologist to educate the parent(s) or the guardian of the chi ld on the developmental milestones of the child and to encourage parents to bring their children to hospital if any of these milestones are missed.At the local school, the child psychologist will continue to observe children for any behavioral, social and personal problems. This will contribute to improvement in child health as it will result in early detecting of problems and therefore early management and possibly shorter go ons in hospital. The adult psychologist will be preparing adults psychologically for medication by telling the adult patient what to expect. Before surgery, the adult psychologist will visit the adult patient and discover what fears they may have.The adult psychologist can allay this by explaining the changes that the patient may expect following surgery or after a medical procedure. The adult psychologist can also communicate the patients worries and fears to the physician, surgeon and other health professionals directly involved in patient care. This will ensure that the medical professionals allay these fears and are conscious of them as they take care of the patient. This contributes to better healthcare because a less nervous patient is more cooperative and the patient is more likely to have greater alliance to their medication regimen.Management of chronic pain is a role which will include activities like administration of the McGill Pain Questionnaire to patients. This barb assists in description and measurement of pain (Marks, Murray, Evans et al, 2005). It provides a set of address describing pain from which the patient can choose from. These will assist the remediate to determine the intensity and depth of the pain that the patient feels. The McGill Pain Questionnaire makes diagnosis of pain easier and depending on the type diagnosed the appropriate medication can be prescribed, reducing the patients hospital stay.Another activity that the inpatient only psychologist will be involved in is confirming that a patient is s afely using patient administered analgesia. This information can be elicited through conversations with the patient which will reveal their use of the analgesics that they have. cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)and biofeedback are other techniques of treating pain amongst inpatients. CBT involves the use of distraction and informality techniques (Scott and Briere, 2006). The use of CBT where the patient is advised to note pain relieving and pain modify featureors also help in the management of pain.These are useful in managing pain and when the inpatient psychologist has taught these successfully to the patient then it becomes easier for the patient to portion out the pain and stick to their medication. The overall effect of these is a shortened hospital stay. The communications counsellor will have a role in educating physicians on the importance of maintaining patient-centered references. These consultations as opposed to doctor-centered consultations make the patient to fee l as though they are part of the treatment process.The doctor- centered consultation is perhaps preferred by the elderly but is disliked by most people due to the sense of ignorance that it fronts to inspire. A patient-centered consultation cerebrateses on the needs of the patients and allows the doctor to listen to the patient, involve the patient and finally make a diagnosis and choose treatment. Health psychologists believe that treatment that is arrived at like this has a higher chance of being adhered to (Marks et al, 2005). The communications counsellor will therefore make this known to the medical professionals to enhance adherence to medication regimens.This is important as often the way a patient is handled by the medical professionals influences their adjustment to a condition they have especially when the condition is chronic. Adherence to medication is an indication that the patient is well alter and is coping well. Most patients who have suffered traumatic conditions or who have chronic conditions are predisposed to management of stress disorders. Development of a stress disorder in addition to their chronic condition makes their health even worse and increases their period of stay in hospital.The communications psychologist will identify these patients and plan for and implement interventions that will help to relieve their stress. Some of these interventions include CBT, which can be done individually or in a group. The communications psychologist may also introduce biofeedback. Biofeedback involves the measurement of the functions of a exit such as heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature and muscle focus as well as sweat gland activity (Scott and Briere, 2006 ). a good deal when a patient stress levels are increased these parameters tend to increase.When calculated and an increase is found, the patients awareness is raised and the patient then can consciously begin to control the unconscious physiological activities. Adherence to th is practice can help patients avoid thoughts and feelings which increase their stress. The communication psychologist will also encourage the patients to verbalize their feelings of anxiety and stress and what they think are the sources of the stress. She/he will then explore with them the topics that they can engage in to help take away their stress. These include physical activities, board games, conversations with other patients.Some stress issues may be related to the family especially where a mother is sick. She may worry about the care of her household and children. To assist this mother, the communications psychologist may need to help the mother work out a plan for care of her household with other family members. Once the stressors have been identified and done away with the patient is more likely to heal faster and be more committed to their treatment regime. The role of the communications psychologist is very important in detecting patients who may go into printing as a result of stress associated with their conditions. ConclusionSome of the jobs of the health psychologists may seem to overlap. These include the jobs of the inpatient psychologist and the communications psychologist since both seem to be dealing with chronically ill patients. They also seem to have a similar objective in that they want to ensure that the patient adheres to their treatment regimen. There are similarities between both jobs, but the focus of the inpatient psychologist is the patient who requires pain management. Overlap is reduced by the fact that should the patient develop stress as a result of poor pain management then they can be referred to the communication psychologist.The communication psychologist will then go on to identify the stressor and put in place appropriate interventions. The overlap is not an entirely bad thing as it will result in some of the workload being shared among the psychologists since there is likelihood of patients being more in one psychol ogists speciality. The health psychologists described above will all be working towards improving the care of their patients. Most of the interventions that they will put in place will lead to either decreased hospital stay or greater adherence to medication. This effectively results in improved health among the patients.

Major differences between the two theories Essay

The obviously notable difference surrounded by Banduras societal cognitive conjecture and Becks cognitive scheme is the bias that each(prenominal) has towards demeanour. For instance, Banduras amaze is much behavioral, whereas Becks model is inclined towards psychotherapeutics or seems to provide psychological solutions to problems. The social cognitive theory (by Bandura) is presented in an agentic perspective. It explains why people exhibit differences in self-organization, being proactive, participation in self-reflection, and in self-regulation (Bandura, 1986).In essence, the theory does not just show that humankind beings have different capabilities, it also shows that other factors such as the purlieu play a major role in shaping behaviourism (Bandura, 1986). The theory further describes human beings as producers as well as products of what they make (the proverb manners maketh man should be true). Banduras theory also gives the socio cognitive aspects of human bein gs, for example, why they act in special(a) manners and what elicits such behavior.Additionally, the theory also gives reasons why the human temperament is vast in terms of capabilities and how humanity is fashioned by contain and observational experience that is integrated in a variety of forms. In contradistinction, Becks theory gives a picture of the phenomena underlying dysfunctional beliefs (Beck, 1976). This theory does not just describe personality, but provides solutions to psychological problems. This is achieved by the models blow-by-blow analysis of the casual agents of depression and how depression enkindle be remedied (Beck, 1976).Becks theory seems to give mediation approach in solve psychological problems by encouraging patients to be participants of the problem solving process rather than passive and helpless respondents. Another difference between the cardinal theories is the triad used in each of the theories, which forms the basis of the inherent exercises and discussions. Banduras model is a triad with behavior, environmental factors and personal determinants as the main elements. On the other hand, Becks cognitive model consists of behavior, source events and consequences (Beck, 1976 Beck, 1998).The triads may seem to portray a similarity between the two models but in real sense they exhibit differences since the explanation of how the elements in the triads profess each other or act on their protest is slightly different. For instance, in Banduras theory, the description of how the factors in the triad affect each other revolves around cause and effect. One of the factors, such as the environment is implied to be a cause (or a factor that determines) of behavior. Thus, on that point is emphasis on reciprocal determinism.On the other hand, Becks triadic illustration of the factors that shape personality and character is influenced by the person (self), the world and the future. In this context, it is evident that personality is affected not just by behavior but also by other events that occur in life. In fact, Beck (1976) describes the person (self) as the main source of ideas to solve depression problems with persona to the world and anticipation of a better future. Conclusion Banduras cognitive Theory and Becks cognitive Theory seem to have more similarities in that they describe personality and the factors shape it.Many elements described in each theorys triad show convergence in meaning. Major differences between the two models lie in the description of the models. bit Banduras model is inclined towards behaviorism, Becks model provides an explanation of psychological dysfunctions and possible remedies.References Bandura A. (2006). Psychological modeling Conflicting theories. Chicago Aldine Transaction. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy The exercise of control. impudent York W. H. Freeman Company Bandura, A. (1986).Social foundations of thoughts and action A social cognitive theory. in the altoget her Jersey Prentice Hall Professional Technical.Bandura, A. (1976) Social learning theory. saucy York Prentice Hall Bandura, A. (1971). Psychological modeling Conflicting theories. Chicago Aldine- Atherton. Beck, A. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York Guilford Press Beck, A. (1976). Cognitive therapy & emotional disorders. NY International Universities Press. Beck, A. (1998). The integrated Power of Cognitive Therapy. New York Guilford Press.

Defining Bullying Analysing Essay

bullyrag in shoals sustains to be a problem faced by fosterageal institutions today. It corresponds to the energy of both(prenominal) savants and educators to drop their billet and qualification to intimidate and coerce others to follow their desires. much(prenominal)(prenominal) realities wherefore present negative consequences non only to the student nevertheless likewise to the everyplaceall capacity of the institution to facilitate opportunities for go throughing and growth. By seeking to identify the corresponding touch on and s manoeuvres associated with boss some, stakeholders in the landed estate of educational activity gutter provide inputs and new strategies that fundament help levy change and pursue effective classroom management.Defining bully Analysing the definition of deterrence, it is and so crucial to de landmarkine its main scope and purpose. Here, it buns be seen that victimization aggression, coercion, and violence atomic number 18 oftentimes the themes uptaked by individuals to create situations of deterrence or torment. Under these proper(postnominal) circumstances, various reasons domiciliate be attri thoed to wherefore people move in browbeat aim. Some scholars argue on the grounds of satisfying the need for support or power time or so atomic number 18 fitting responding to the surroundings they see (Banks, 1997).Due to this, it is consequently crucial to understand these reasons more efficaciously to better identify policies and elements link towards diverge. Similarly, the idea of bully as well as emanates from how one exercises influence and power over the other. wedded that students who engage in such actions arguably affirm fitted power than any other student in campus, the turn out and then here is their great power to abuse it due to detail circumstances. To elaborate further, individuals protest in the power they can exercise over others and pip-squeakren need to lear n non to abuse that power (Rigby, 2003, p.6). However, one must not purify to align boss rough with conflict between billeties. This is because the idea here is that in push around one exercises/has power over the other while in conflict both violateies equally shargon an yield to argue about. It is through such interaction affect that the playing field is levelled and therefore should not be mistaken for bullying. In essence, bullying does happen when students resort to mistreat of their power, control, and influence towards others.Individuals localize to such actions because they believe they can while victims continue to be overted to bullying because they continue to succumb to it (Findely, 2006). After looking at the definition of bullying, it is now crucial to identify specific slipway on how such deportment is carried out. Specifically, the main objective of any bullying behaviour is to set about a specific tar bring about where individuals can use power and c ontrol over others. These actions can revolve from verbal abuse towards animal(prenominal) violence in small and frequent doses (Smith, 1999).Given the multiple ways that people can engage using verbal and sensible bullying, it change states instead rough for educators and tame administrators to point these final results fitly unless students report such situations. What Australian Statistics Say Applying the elements of bullying in the educational system of Australia, it can be seen that considerable attention must be made to bridge gaps and expand strategies for change. In particular, several studies have short letterd the prevalence of the behaviour as early as pre give lessons and continue to grow as the student progresses in his/her academic life.In particular, Rigby (2003) asserts that assessing how often it happens is not easy, but research in Australia based on childrens reports suggests that about one child is bullied in one way or at least weekly (p. 6). Similar ly, statistics have alike shown that both boys and girls do engage in bullying but adornd using antithetical manner. For boys, they are most likely to commit physical actions and verbal abuse. On the other hand, girls tend to be more confirmatory and focus on ostracizing or excluding the individual from the rest of the group (Smith, 1999).This incidence greatly shows how each student is vulnerable to such menaces and what incompatible shallowdays administrators in Australia should focus on. By essay to point out and de experimental conditionine the standards for appropriate behaviour, then the problem of bullying might be lessened. Identifying Reasons feel c supportly at specific at the reasons wherefore people engage into bullying behaviour, it can be seen that there are specific trends that illustrate behavioural and psychological conditions which hamper their ability to effectively respond agree to school standards.On the behavioural perspective, different studies h ave argued that the main throttle for students to practice bullying is their early exposure towards violence. They see their homes and environment they experience as the norm and standard on how they should act and respond to others (Findley, 2006). cogitate to to this do ply is the manner that educators showcase the bullying action themselves. Here, the practice of instructor violence emanates, either directly or indirectly, creates a mindset for students that the actions attached are valid (Riley, Lewis, and Brew, 2009).Through this, educators alike make out as accelerator pedal in expanding bullying due to their ability to influence and showcase a reality where one get what he/she wants provided that they coerce or beat out others to follow. On the other hand, there are to a fault studies that tend to do a psychological analysis of how bullying behaviour occurs. Specifically, it tries to argue how some children may have been suffering from conditions such as depres sion, ADD, or minimal brain damage and brings about violent conduct towards other people (Ribgy, 2003).These dynamics in crouch hinder the ability of a student to fully utilize their abilities and get hold it fearful to engage in classroom activities. Impact among bullied students Assessing the impact of bullying among students who have been subjected to it, it can be seen that these actions impede their ability to grow. In particular, students who have been subjected to such continuous behaviour often lose the ability and interest to study in schools (Banks, 1997). They see the location as threat and restriction their ability to establish better doer to coexist with their peers.In essence, this is one form of harassment that degrades the value of the individual and alienates them from participating in the educational endeavour and socialization (Findley, 2006). Looking closely at the specific effects of bullying, it can be seen that they revolve around the emotional as well as social levels. Particularly, students who been subjected to such harassment often lose their self-esteem and ability to isolate themselves from people at school (Smith, 1999). Since bullying may in turn correspond to a domino effect, the expiration of self-esteem can lead towards the student feeling depressed and lonely.This in turn can result towards having limited motivation to go to school or engage in frequent absences (Findley, 2006). These elements are just examples of the concise term effects of bullying. On the other hand, bullying can to a fault incline negative effects in the long run. Here, an individuals feeling of self-worth would be low and would result to accepting inadequacy as answer to this problem. Likewise, one would continue to isolate and feel powerless as they continue to tread their lord life. In addition, depression and psychological problems may also be present among students who have been bullied.More often than not, students who have been subjected t o bullying behaviour have problems handling issues as they move towards their boastful life (Rigby, 2003). Impact among those who Bully Analysing the impact of those who bully others, it can be seen that their actions correspond to the creation of uncertainty and insecurity inwardly the school grounds. This especially applies for students who have not been subjected to such acts. Here, they feel that they can deform victimise and create fear in the handle (Rigby, 2003).These directions in turn serve to establish a bullys ability to control the environment he/she is in. Another impact relevant effect of bullying revolves around creating opportunities for more bullies and continued disruptive behaviour. Given the idea that students do not tell teachers and administrators of what is going on in school, students feel they are puissant and can control the people around them. This then gives them the luxury to hold the line in abusing their power and likewise create opportunities t o also influence others as well.With this environment, bullies are given the leverage to exercise what they want with limited adventure of being penalized or subjected to corrective measures. In the long run, bullies also are a problem for society if not addressed appropriately. Here, they can commit crime and limit their ability to engage in long term imperative relationships towards other people. The threat then of criminal conviction on board the development of specific problems on handling conflict issues with others are just some of the problems that bullies can experience in the future.Identifying Potential Risks of bully scholar/Individual In determining the risks of bullying among students, it is heavy to note that since they are the ones who either engage in such behaviour or recipients of it, students are the most prone to experience the hurdle of responding and adjust their behaviour to make it such. That is why different effects, both emotionally and socially, can be seen among students and generates problems as it then relates with other potential risks such as academic achievement, teachers, and parents.Given the dynamics related to this approach, it is then essential to re delimitate programs that are cogitate on both victims of bullying and those who commit such acts. Academic deed Bullying also poses a risk in a students academic achievement. This remains to be seen especially among students who have been subject to continuous bullying and resulted to lack of motivation to go to school or partake in activities. Since some of these areas are important variables to get a good mark, academic achievement is comprised and sacrificed (Rigby, 2003).In particular, the ability to meet these standards becomes heavy for students because they had to set the balance of adapting to bullies and the stress related to fulfilling the requirements of their subjects. Likewise, academic achievement is also at risk for bullies also because it gives them t he leverage to abuse their power and foregather opportunities to coerce people to follow their lead. Given that bullies have this ability, they can then ask others to do their assignment and submit specific projects or differently be beaten up.This then defeats the purpose of the educational process as bullies dont learn anything and the bulk of the workload is provided to bullied students. Overall, bullying becomes a risk for academic achievement because it hinders students the ability to concentrate on their studies. though the socialization process also is a significant precept in ones academic life, the instance of bullying complicates the problem and leaves students the capacity to balance each of these tasks according to how they see it fit.Such reactions in turn limit students to reach their full potential and hamper their abilities to utilize their skills in academic activities (Smith, 1999). Parents and Intervention Parental intervention is also another risk that bullyin g creates. Under this process, parents are often clueless of what is happening to their children. Expecting that they do well in school, it can tarnish a childs relationship with their parents especially if a student tells their parents they dont want to go to school anymore or learns from their teachers that their child often absents.The basic assumption here is that since parents can exercise control, bullying hampers effective communication among parents because students feel that this can only worsen the issue theyre facing. Here, Banks (1997) point out, students feel that adult intervention is infrequent and ineffective, and that coition adults will only bring more harassment from bullies (p. 1). Likewise, if bullying transpires at heart a student-teacher relationship, then it is also another difficult aspect for students to balance.Allowing their parents to interpose would only result towards educators putting the blame on students or become intimidated further in class. Th e aspect then of defining misbehaviour and what is the boundary between the process of disciplining and bullying becomes an issue to consider (Lewis, Romi, Katz, and Qui, 2008). Similarly, since students find it difficult to establish and determine these boundaries accordingly, they are often left succumbing to intimidation, coercion or at times reprimand that crosses the line of how discipline should be provided.Indeed, it has always been the interests of parents to see to it that their child gets the most out of school. However, bullying impedes these expectations and at the same time serves as a barrier for students to communicate to their parents effectively. By understanding the dynamics related to the role of the parents in this issue, better means for intervention can be made available for students to use (Lewis, 2001). Teachers and Administrators Lastly, the prevalence of bullying within schools also becomes a risk among educators and administrators because it illustrates t heir inability to control the issue.Since both actors are valuable stakeholders in the maintenance of an effective culture environment among students, the change magnituded incidence of bullying in schools makes them accountable to these childrens parents. Likewise, both educators and administrators need to realize that their role encompasses the insides of the classroom. They must see to it that the school environment is responsive to students need and assesses potential risks and providing solutions to these issues (Lewis and McCann, 2009).Applying this precept in the realm of student-teacher relationship, bullying also poses a risk among teachers and administrators because the incidence of such behaviour violates their roles and responsibilities within the classroom. Given that there are certain parameters that educators can use to discipline students, it must not cross the line and induce traces of intimidation, commanding action, or physical violence among students (Lewis, R omi, Qui, Katz, 2005).Seeing this, bullying makes a difficult process to develop since establishing a proper means to discipline and stock-purchase warrant students for misbehaviour would appear to be compromised or construed in a different way. Opening up Opportunities for Change Given the potential risks and effects that bullying does, it is then crucial to devise specific measures that can infuse changes and increase tariff among actors involved. Here, it takes into account the role of each stakeholder in the educational process and finds means to integrate ideas and inputs to generate a facilitative response to the issue.That is why change must not come from the educational sector alone, or else it must try to reach out and allow parents, students, and the community to get involved. The purpose of this not mainly revolves around limiting the occurrence of bullying in classrooms but also generate an appropriate response on how to prepare students to effectively respond to demo cratic ideals and values (Lewis, 1999). Evaluation, Experience, and Education The showtime step in establishing providing change revolves around evaluating the current school environment.Here, educators and administrators may need to ask whether or not bullying is rampant on campus or not. Here, it is important to note that the ability to apply real change in the process involves not disregarding the realities that are happening and only if seek out to know the truth (Smith, 1999). Through such mindset, administrators can have a clear picture of what is happening in the school environment and understand the dynamics related to how students interact and respond to the issue of bullying. The next stage involves gathering experiences from students and observing what really happened.Through this, administrators can then realize how rampant the situation is and what possible strategies can be used to alleviate the issue. Seeing this, experiences matter in resolving the issue because it helps observers learn from it and gain specific insights on how to respond accordingly (Findley, 2006). Likewise, experiences also highlight the shortcomings and mistakes of the school in how they had addressed the bullying issue before. In essence, these facets can serve as useful tenets that administrators can use to define and plan out the next strategies to be used (Banks, 1997).The last part revolves around education. Under this process, administrators now provides specific inputs on what needs to be done and lays it out for educators to apply and use. Here, specific importance is given towards communicating to stakeholders about the issue that is happening, its gravity, and how it is affecting students from academics to their personal life. This remains to be important because this serves as the crucial precept in determining what actions need to be made and how different actors would respond in accordance to the issue of bullying.Likewise, education seeks to bridge inputs an d policies together. This stage serves as the application phase where behaviour is simulate according to the observations and inputs gained from experience. By synchronising these inputs whole, it helps create a dynamic process and further the ability of promoting sustainable and long term growth (Rigby, 2003). Diversifying the Anti-Bullying scat Given the inputs gained from experience and observation, the next step to address bullying would be to create an Ant-Bullying campaign in schools.Here, it must entail a collaborationism of actors involved in the educational process and establish specific norms and responses in addressing specific cases. If an educational institution already has particular rules concerning bullying, it would be take up to diversify options available. To diversify means that the scope, application, and analysis of cases must come from different actors. The purpose of this is to enrich communication patterns among stakeholders and generate new inputs on h ow bullying can be addressed within and exterior the classroom (Rigby, 2003).The tone-beginning to diversify must also seek to promote the aspect of inclusion. This means that decision making processes must not come from the school memorial tablet alone. Rather, it must try to include and introduce this principle to the community and parents. This is peculiarly relevant because it can showcase transcendence and capacity to align specific policies and behavioural changes according to the values and principles provided by the school (Banks, 1997). This then can become a good strategy for success because it merges common interests altogether and justifies what inputs need to be considered and applied.In essence, diversification entails creating a shared responsibility among actors involved in the educational process. The ability to include parents and the community within the dynamics of change, it can create better responses among students. This process can also serve to complemen t an educator and administrators change magnitude tasks by providing an assistive strategy related to implementation of educational goals and objectives (Findley, 2006). Opening Patterns for talk Another crucial step to address bullying revolves around the process of infusing communication among students.The idea here is to develop the ability to track fine-tune cases of bullying and providing appropriate disciplinary measures to culprits and protection amongst victims. Here, educators, parents, and the community must work hand-in-hand to take care that appropriate means are created to open lines of communication among students regardless of the possibility of threats from bullies (Smith, 1999). The value of communication then is to help ascertain the spot of bullying happening in school and determine what actions need to be made in order to accomplish these directives. Strengthening Disciplinary and testimonial MeasuresAlongside the development of openness in communication p atterns, educators and administrators should also establish their part in providing concrete and available means to exercise disciplinary and assistive measures for bullying. The main reason why many students dont complain about this issue is the fear of retaliation and the ability to scruple how the overall process works (Banks, 1997). Due to this, the capacity to strengthen strategies and instruments related to the process discipline can then motivate students to take part in the initiative to stand up against bullying.At the same time, bring forth means for protection and counselling would also complement the ability to limit the occurrence of bullying. By providing specific and goal-oriented strategies, educators and administrators can align behaviour according to the needs of a student. Allowing students to take part in this endeavour also justifies that the school administration is committed in putting an end to bullying rather than just trying to control. Thus, redefining the rules and regulations to meet these requirements can induce positive outcomes and carry out means to shape students for the better (Lewis, 1999).Reinforcing Accountability and state among Educators Given the idea that bullying can also transpire in a student-teacher relationship, it also crucial to reinforce accountability and responsibility among educators. Here, it revolves around facilitating the value of openness and professionalism of practice. Under this process, specific rules can be modified and changed to adapt to the trends of 21st century education. By doing this process, it can allow educators to become more responsive and address the increasing needs of students in the classroom. argue further on the need to redefine rules, it is also crucial for administrators to take into consideration defining the boundaries of what the aspect of discipline and bullying diverge. Since educators can also be subjected to stress, pressure, and emotional conditions that distracts t hem from achieving their purpose, it is then essential to outline specific strategies that can help handle misbehaviour and occurrences of bullying inside the classroom.By redefining and aligning these principles with respect to educational norms and the needs of educators, the idea of reinforcing discipline and sanctions would become inferential and induce better means for addressing student behaviour (Lewis, Romi, Qui, and Katz, 2005). In essence, the increasing roles and responsibilities sometimes limit the educator to function to his/her optimum capacity. By trying to align and create changes in the way educators operate, it can help induce greater means for educators to effectively facilitate classroom management and diversify opportunities to address bullying.Conclusion To conclude, bullying is a huge issue in classroom management that educators and other relevant stakeholders need to consider. This is because it takes into account the ability of both educator and student to use their power and position to promote intimidation and coercion to other people. Similarly, it creates negative consequences on the bully and those bullied in terms of their ability to respond to the environment, motivation, to study, and other behavioural long term effects. Bullying also creates risks on different facets shaping learning and professional development among educators.Given these challenges, it is then crucial to outline policies for change. It is important to note that the ability to transcend in this type of environment inside and outside the classroom corresponds to the recognition and redefinition of student behaviour. At the same time, it must also try to incorporate openness in communication and value inputs gained from experiences in the past. Fundamentally, the basis for managing and preventing bullying from happening circumvents from the recognition of each members role and aligning these ideas within policies and rules.In the end, as the current educationa l system continues to undergo changes that affects the role of students, educators, administrators, and other stakeholders, classroom management issues such as bullying would always be existent. The challenge then is to ensure that appropriate mechanisms are in place to address the situation and effectively carry out patterns to make appropriate changes and models suitable to meet the demands of todays 21st century educational environment.List of References Banks, R (1997), Bullying in Schools, ERIC Digest, viewed 29 Jul. 2010, http//www. ericdigests. org/1997-4/bullying. htm Findley, I (2006) Shared Responsibility Beating Bullying in Australian Schools, Australian Council for Educational Research, Australia. Lewis, P (1999), Preparing students for democratic citizenship Codes of conduct in Victorias Schools of the Future, Educational Research and Evaluation, vol. 5 no. 1, pp. 41-61 Lewis, R (2001), disciple Responsibility and Classroom Discipline The Students enamour, Teaching an d Teacher Education, vol. 17 no. 1, pp 307-319Lewis, R and McCann, Tricia (2009), Teaching At Risk Students Meeting Their Needs, International Handbook of Research on Teachers and Teaching. 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